Dosage compensation ensures similar levels of X-linked gene products in males (XY or XO) and females (XX), despite their different numbers of X chromosomes. In mammals, flies, and worms, dosage compensation is mediated by a specialized machinery that localizes to one or both of the X chromosomes in one sex resulting in a change in gene expression from the affected X chromosome(s). In mammals an...

Sex chromosomes often entail gene dose differences between the sexes, which if not compensated for, lead to differences between males and females in the expression of sex-linked genes. Recent work has shown that different organisms respond to sex chromosome dose in a variety of ways, ranging from complete sex chromosome dosage compensation in some species to active compensation of only a minori...

Combined disinfection with UV radiation and sodium hypochlorite was applied in disinfection the effluent after secondary treatment of hospital sewage. The inactivation effect of different combination modes and sequences of UV and sodium hypochlorite was studied. The contrast experiments of disinfection effect and the levels of residual chlorine were conducted by adding different dosage of sodiu...

X chromosome dosage compensation is required for male viability in Drosophila. Dosage compensation relative to autosomes is two-fold, but this is likely to be due to a combination of homeostatic gene-by-gene regulation and chromosome-wide regulation. We have baseline values for gene-by-gene dosage compensation on autosomes, but not for the X chromosome. Given the evolutionary history of sex chr...

Coping with variations in network dosage is crucial for maintaining optimal function in gene networks. We explored how network structure facilitates network-level dosage compensation. By using the yeast galactose network as a model, we combinatorially deleted one of the two copies of its four regulatory genes and found that network activity was robust to the change in network dosage. A mathemat...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS insulin therapy is effective predominantly when dosage is frequently adjusted. However, a controversy surrounds the pertinent clinical parameters required to make effective and safe frequent dosage adjustments. We hypothesize that glucose readings are sufficient to adjust insulin dosage provided that dosage is adjusted every 1-4 weeks. METHODS to test the hypothesis, we genera...