In addition to dopamine neuron firing, cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) regulate dopamine release in the striatum via presynaptic nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) on dopamine axon terminals. Synchronous activity of ChIs is necessary to evoke dopamine release through this pathway. The frequency-dependence of disynaptic nicotinic modulation has led to the hypothesis that nAChRs act as a high-pass filt...

There is growing evidence that the adrenal cortex is the source of cardiotonic steroid (CS) regulators of sodium, potassium-ATPase (NKA). The control of adrenocortical production CS may play a critical role in mediating renal and vascular responses involved in arterial hypertension. Dopamine (DA) controls renal NKA by direct regulatory phosphorylation and indirectly by modification of aldostero...

The dopamine D(4) receptor (D(4)R) is predominantly expressed in the frontal cortex (FC), a brain region that receives dense input from midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons and is associated with cognitive and emotional processes. However, the physiological significance of this dopamine receptor subtype has been difficult to explore because of the slow development of D(4)R agonists and antagonists th...

Dopamine effects in the striatum are mediated principally through the D1 and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes, which are segregated to the direct and indirect striatal projection neurons. After degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system, direct pathway neurons display a supersensitive response to D1 dopamine receptor agonists, which is demonstrated by the induction of immediate early genes ...

DOPAMINE D4 RECEPTOR POLYMORPHISM The dopamine D4 receptor has an important polymorphism in its third intracellular loop that is intensively studied and has been associated with several abnormal conditions, among others, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. KLHL12 PROMOTES UBIQUITINATION OF THE DOPAMINE D4 RECEPTOR ON NON-LYSINE RESIDUES In previous studies we have shown that KLHL12, a B...

BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking induces dopamine release in the striatum, and smoking- or nicotine-induced ventral striatal dopamine release is correlated with nicotine dependence. Smokers also exhibit lower dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in the dorsal striatum than nonsmokers. Negative correlations of striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor availability with smoking exposure and nicotine dependence,...

introduction: according to previous studies, colchicine causes neuronal destruction and learning depression. in this project, effects of colchicine injection into the ca1 and interaction between colchicine and nitric oxide (no) in this area on the expression of drug-seeking behavior were investigated. methods: wistar rats (250-300 g) were bilaterally cannulated at the ca1 area. colchicine (2-8 ...

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of once daily for 7-day (subchronic treatment) dosing of histamine H3 receptor antagonists, ciproxifan (CPX) (3 mg/kg, i.p.), and clobenpropit (CBP) (15 mg/kg, i.p), including clozapine (CLZ) (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.), the atypical and typical antipsychotic, respectively, on MK-801(0.2 mg/kg, i.p.)-induc...

Dopamine is fundamental in human behavior for movement, cognition and reward. A dysfunctional dopamine system is implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Dopamine mediates its effects through five receptors. Dopamine D2 receptors are well studied and successful drug targets in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and schizophren...

BACKGROUND Dopamine receptor genes are candidates for hypertension susceptibility. Locally released dopamine increases renal sodium excretion, and defective renal dopamine receptor signaling has been shown to play a role in hypertension. Dopamine-4 receptors are expressed in juxtaglomerular and cortical collecting cells, where dopamine activation could alter sodium and water metabolism and affe...