The striatum consists of GABAergic projection neurons and various types of interneurons. Despite their relative scarcity, these interneurons play a key role in information processing in the striatum. One such class of interneurons is the cholinergic tonically active neurons (TANs). In the dorsal striatum, TANs are traditionally considered to be responsive to events of motivational significance....

UNLABELLED There are several age-related microscopic changes in the salivary glands, including the increase in the number of duct-like structures (DLS). However, the true origin and the phenotype of the DLS are not known. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the phenotype and the cell proliferation index of the DLS of human sublingual glands. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty sublingual glands obtained from huma...

The dorsal striatum, which contains the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) and dorsomedial striatum (DMS), integrates the acquisition and implementation of instrumental learning in cooperation with the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The dorsal striatum regulates the basal ganglia circuitry through direct and indirect pathways. The mechanism by which these pathways mediate the learning processes of instrumen...

The dimer initiation site/dimer linkage sequence (DIS/DLS) region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA genome is suggested to play essential roles at various stages of the viral life cycle. Through a novel assay we had recently developed, we reported on the necessary and sufficient region for RNA dimerization in the HIV-1 virion. Using this system, we performed further detaile...

Function of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is critical to 2 aspects of attention in associative learning: the conditioning of orienting responses (ORs) to cues paired with food, and the enhancement of cue salience by the surprising omission of expected events. Such salience enhancements have been found to depend on interactions within a circuit that includes CeA, the substantia nigra...

Digital Libraries (DLs) have traditionally been positioned at the intersection of library science, computer science, and networked information systems. The different underlying philosophies of these three fields have had an unsettling influence on the development of DLs. While library science is fairly mature, networked information systems are constantly evolving to keep pace with Internet inno...

As fragments of first-order logic, Description logics (DLs) do not provide nonmonotonic features such as defeasible inheritance and default rules. Since many applications would benefit from the availability of such features, several families of nonmonotonic DLs have been developed that are mostly based on default logic and autoepistemic logic. In this paper, we consider circumscription as an in...

Combining knowledge representation and reasoning formalisms like description logics (DLs), temporal logics, and logics of space, is worthwhile but difficult. It is worthwhile because usually realistic application domains comprise various aspects of the world, thus requiring suitable combinations of formalisms modeling each of these aspects. It is difficult because the computational behavior of ...

To achieve best performance, scientific applications are executed on parallel and distributed heterogeneous computing systems. These applications often are computationally intensive, data parallel, irregular, and usually contain large loops that exhibit non-uniform characteristics depending upon their semantic structure during execution. These loops are the most data parallel and computationall...