Although evident progress and considerable achievements have been attained in developing a new particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, successfully balancing the exploration and exploitation capabilities of PSO to determine high-quality solutions for complex optimization problems remains a fundamental challenge. In this study, we propose a new PSO variant, namely, adaptive division of labo...

Q-learning as well as other learning paradigms depend strongly on the representation of the underlying state space. As a special case of the hidden state problem we investigate the e ect of a self-organizing discretization of the state space in a simple control problem. We apply the neural gas algorithm with adaptation of learning rate and neighborhood range to a simulated cart-pole problem. Th...

Dendritic cells induce the activation of CD8 and CD4 T cells by presenting antigenic peptides on MHC class I and class II molecules, respectively. In a recent Science paper, Dudziak et al. (2007) reveal that these tasks are handled by distinct populations of dendritic cells in vivo.

This paper aims to examine the roles and relations of women men in processing sector tuna value chain General Santos City, Philippines. Based on household survey, focus group discussions key informant interviews study reveals gender division labor canning, frozen value-adding (TVAP). Women are assigned tasks that require more attention details thoroughness while do physically demanding mechanic...

In this paper, we model the co-evolution of the division of labor and informal institutions based on three assumptions. First, informal institutions lower coordination costs among specialists, which increases the equilibrium division of labor. Second, advances in the division of labor increase the size of interpersonal trading groups and thereby undermine the game theoretic basis of informal in...

The oft-observed inverse relationship between farm size and productivity is generally explained by labor market imperfections. Although other explanations exist (e.g., size-sensitive cropping patterns and variable soil quality), the literature ignores uncertainty as an explanation. Using a simple two-period model of an agricultural household that both produces and consumes under price uncertain...

We study the effect of wealth on individual and household labor supply using a large, newly-collected sample of lottery players in Sweden. Using high-quality administrative data for roughly 2.5 million lottery players, we find that winning a lottery prize modestly reduces labor earnings, with the effects roughly constant over time and persisting more than 10 years. We find both intensive and ex...

A customary gender division of labor is one in which women and men are directed towards certain tasks and/or explicitly prohibited from performing others. We offer an explanation as to why the gender division of labor is so often enforced by custom, and why customary gender divisions of labor generally involve both direction and prohibition. Our model builds on the literature on the marital hol...

this paper provides an empirical investigation on individual labour supply of iranian spouses in an intra-household collective decision framework in which gender ratio plays a central role in the household’s resources allocation. the data set is taken from the socioeconomic characteristics of panel survey over the period 2001-2004 and ten yearly headcount of iran. we have conducted the paramete...