The importance of preventing the voltage collapse is gaining importance due to increase in dependency on the use of electricity. This has compelled the utilities to maintain high system reliability. The evaluation of a power systems ability to withstand dangerous contingencies and to survive to a normal or acceptable operating point is a prerequisite for security analysis. Line outage often cau...

The analysis of R×C contingency tables usually features a test for independence between row and column counts. Throughout the social sciences, the adequacy of the independence hypothesis is generally evaluated by the outcome of a classical p-value null-hypothesis significance test. Unfortunately, however, the classical p-value comes with a number of well-documented drawbacks. Here we outline an...

Our paper continues, on the one hand, the study of modal logics that have arithmetical semantics, and on the other, the investigation of decidability (or “non-contingency”) logics. We present Hilbert-style axiomatic system for the non-contingency logic of the Gödel-Löb provability logic GL, in other words, for the logic that is complete under the interpretation of a formula BA as ‘a sentence A ...

Associative theories of learning have been used to explain human contingency learning since the 1980’s. Recent findings have led several authors to claim that there is no evidence clearly showing the engagement of associative processes of acquisition or representation in human contingency learning, and to propose non-associative accounts. Priming techniques can detect associative representation...

Although much has been written about validating DSS and other ‘hard’ OR models, less has been written about validating ‘soft’ OR models. This paper seeks to determine which contingency factors known to influence DSS validation are also important factors influencing PSM (problem structuring methods) validation. In addition, after consultation with PSM experts other contingency factors influencin...

Motivation plays a key role in learning and teaching, in particular in technology enhanced learning environments. According to motivational theories, proper contingency design is an important prerequisite to motivate learners. In this paper, we demonstrate how confidence levels in an adaptive educational system can be raised using a contingency design technique. Learners that saw parts of a com...

Dynamic security assessment (DSA) or transient security assessment (TSA) determines a system’s ability to survive contingencies with a safety factor (margin). To ensure that a system remains dynamically secure, preventive or corrective remedial actions are designed. Preventive actions are applied in the pre-contingency system so that after any credible contingency the system remains secure. Exa...

In this chapter we examine some new measures for military operations other than war (MOOTW), commonly referred to in the Army as “smaller-scale contingency operations” (SSC) or “Stability and Support Operations.” According to current joint doctrine, there are sixteen contingency types within the category of MOOTW (Table 7.1). These range from a simple show-of-force operation to more complex und...

The shuttlebox performance of goldfish was studied under standardized conditions in a variety of problems--with or without an avoidance contingency, a conditioned stimulus (CS)-termination contingency, and an escape contingency. The effects of CS-only, unconditioned stimulus (US)-only, and explicitly unpaired training were also examined. All the data could be simulated quantitatively with a ver...

Subjects made judgments concerning the strength and direction of the contingency between two dichotomous variables in a situation in which no contingency actually existed. The judgments exhibited a significant primacy effect. The effects of warning and not warning the subjects that they would be required to recall the frequencies of observed event co-occurrences implied that this primacy effect...