Smart materials have been used extensively because of the need for new energy sources. One of the most important types of these materials is the CuxO / blackTiO2 heterogeneous photocatalyst semiconductor. In this study, copper foam was used as a substrate and by performing the anodizing process in a solution of one molar of sodium hydroxide under pulsed and direct currents, a CuxO layer was for...

The use of agricultural machinery, fuel, fertilizers, and pesticides render agriculture dependent on energy and have negative environmental effects on water, air and land. Therefore, it is necessary to study the process of energy consumption for producting the different products and take the necessary measures to increase the efficiency and decrease the environmental effect of these inputs. In ...

This paper investigates the effect of positive and negative shocks from the shadow economy and financial development on energy consumption during the period of 1974–2014 in the short and long term using the non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag. The ratio of liquidity to GDP has been used as an indicator of financial development, and the volume of the shadow economy calculated by Piraee and...