Peace is commonly considered as 'absence of war'. Nevertheless, peace the so called 'positive peace' (Galtung, 1996) – implies a lot more than this. It implies the creation of a society based on social justice through equal opportunity, a fair distribution of power and resources, equal protection and impartial enforcement of law, and above all, mutual cultural understanding and respect. Th us, ...

urban diplomacy, as a new subject, has taken shape parallel to national diplomacy among the governments of various countries throughout the world. today, many metropolitan and world cities use it as a tool to achieve their economic, cultural and social goals in line with their national interests. one of the objectives of the foreign policy of any state is the development of their realm of influ...

the relation of diplomacy and military strategy or the relation of politicians and military officials and their effect on different decisions relating to the war has been one of the debateful issues regarding the iran-iraq war. the writer has discussed some issues related to 598 resolution and iran's diplomacy weaknesses during the war.