conclusions it seems that tertiary amine drugs such as amitriptyline and doxepin had reasonable potencies of spinal blockade when compared to bupivacaine. however, amitriptyline had a more potent and long-acting spinal anesthetic effect. amitriptyline may turn out to be a clinically valuable local anesthetic. results in groups 1 and 2, a total of 3 rats died. after adjusting the concentrations,...

objective- this study aimed to compare sedation efficacy in intranasal administration of xylazine, diazepam and midazolam with or without ketamine in chough. design- to determine the sedation efficacy, an experimental in vivo study was employed. animals- seven healthy choughs were examined in the current study. procedures- with an interval of one week, seven healthy adult non domesticated choug...

objective: this prospective study examined the frequency of post-dural puncture headache (pdph) in 361 parturient women undergoing spinal anesthesia for cesarean section in a teaching hospital of tehran university of medical sciences. materials and methods: spinal anesthesia was performed using 25 gauge quincke needles in all women. patients were followed up to determine incidence of pdph and t...

background: muscle relaxant agents usually use to facilitate tracheal intubation; however, sometimes limitations exist. magnesium (mg) sulfate is a candidate for muscle relaxant substitute. this study was designed to determine the effect of mg sulfate accompanied with propofol and fentanyl in patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery. materials and methods: in a double?blind randomized protocol an...

Post-operative respiratory depression is common in patients recovering from anesthesia and can result fatal cardiopulmonary collapse, anoxic brain injury, mortality. We report a case of 54-year-old morbidly obese female patient who developed transient hypoxemia after general anesthesia. The with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) underwent breast excision surgery. At the end surgery, her muscle func...

results there was no significant differences between if and conventional mode regarding visibility of mic (p > 0.05). conclusion although using if caused improved visibility of mic, the difference with conventional mode was not statistically different. patients and methods in this cross-sectional study, 2580 digital panoramic images of 18 to 70-year-old patients were inspected for presence of m...

introduction: optimal radiopacity is one of the properties required for a root canal sealer that helps the distinction between the sealer and surrounding anatomic structures and evaluation of the quality of root filling. so, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of six root canal sealers at different focal distances. materials and methods: in this in vitro study, six endodon...

the main purpose of this paper is identifying the current situation of iranian digital libraries in terms of interoperability abilities and proposing an interoperability solution for iranian digital libraries. analytical survey is used in this research. in fact, questionnaire and observation were used for collecting data about the current situation of iranian digital library applications. the g...