The characterization of the structural design of cortical microcircuits is essential for understanding how they contribute to function in both health and disease. Since pyramidal neurons represent the most abundant neuronal type and their dendritic spines constitute the major postsynaptic elements of cortical excitatory synapses, our understanding of the synaptic organization of the neocortex l...

Convergent evidence has revealed an association between insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist, rosiglitazone, an insulin sensitizer and mitochondrial activator, improves cognition in patients with early or mild-to-moderate AD. Apolipoprotein (apo) E4, a major genetic risk factor for AD, exerts neuropatholog...

Synaptic plasticity often involves changes in the structure and composition of dendritic spines. Vesicular cargos and organelles enter spines either by exocytosing in the dendrite shaft and diffusing into spines or through a kinesin to myosin hand-off at the base of spines. Here we present evidence for microtubule (MT)-based targeting of a specific motor/cargo pair directly into hippocampal den...

Dendritic spines are described as neuronal protrusions. The morphology of dendritic spines and dendrites has a strong relationship to its function, as well as playing an important role in understanding brain function. Quantitative analysis of dendrites and dendritic spines is essential to an understanding of the formation and function of the nervous system. However, highly efficient tools for t...

The inferior colliculus (IC) of the bank vole is made up of 3 nuclei: the external and pericentral nucleus, which are located on the outer border of the IC, and the central nucleus, which is the largest part of IC and shows a laminated structure. On the basis of various morphological criteria 5 types of neurons have been distinguished in the bank vole IC: 1. The rounded cells (perikarya 10-15 m...

Glutamatergic retinotectal inputs mediated principally by NMDA receptors can be recorded from optic tectal neurons early during their morphological development in Xenopus tadpoles. As tectal cell dendrites elaborate, retinotectal synaptic responses acquire an AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic component, in addition to the NMDA component. Here, we tested whether glutamatergic activity was required...

To management the structure, mechanical and operational properties of high-strength cast aluminum alloy АМ4.5Кд (ВАЛ10), work uses a modification method based on principle structural inheritance, using rapidly cooled (Vcool. ≥ 10^5 °С/s) fine-crystal ligatures AlTi5 AlZr10, as well chemical composition base with nanoscale size intermetallics Alα crystals. Studies have shown that introduction fi...

objective: dendritic cells (dcs) play a critical role in the beginning and in the course of immune responses. by observing. considering the defect in these cells in patients with tumor malignancy. in recent years there has been considerable interests in correction and use of these cells. in our prvious studies we showed that lysate of listeria monocytogenese can induce maturation of dendritic c...

allergen-specific immunotherapy (ait) has been recently considered as an alternative approach to ameliorate the symptoms of allergen exposure and improvement the patients’ quality of life. dendritic cells (dc) in the forms of tolerogenic or th1-induced cells have been investigated in several studies as one of the promising approaches of ait in allergic diseases. the aim of this study was to eva...

introduction dendritic cells (dcs) are bone marrow-derived cells, which migrate to lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs via blood. liver dcs are believed to play an important role in the regulation of hepatic allograft acceptance. however, because of inherent difficulties in isolating adequate numbers of dcs from liver, limited information is available on the phenotype and functions of liver dcs. t...