We are an intensely creative species. Creativity is the fountainhead of our civilizations and a defining characteristic of what makes us human. But for all its prominence at the apex of human mental faculties, we know next to nothing about how brains generate creative ideas. With all previous attempts to tighten the screws on this vexed problem unsuccessful - right brains, divergent thinking, d...

We investigated the effects of irradiation beam conditions on performance degradation silicon and triple-junction solar cells for use in space. The fluence rates electron proton beams were varied. Degradation did not depend rate protons both cells. A higher electrons caused greater Si cell, but dependence was due to temperature increase during irradiation. Two beam-area expansion methods, defoc...

This paper presents the Physical Optics field calculation in terms of only line integrations by using the Modified Edge Representation technique (MER), the alternative way of the surface integration. Not only the diffracted fields as in the conventional method of equivalent edge currents (EEC) but also the scattering geometrical optics fields are expressed in terms of the MER line integrals. Th...

We propose a practical method to calculate Zernike aberrations from analysis of a single long-exposure defocused stellar image. It consists in fitting the aberration coefficients and seeing blur directly to a realistic image binned into detector pixels. This " donut " method is different from curvature sensing in that it does not make the usual approximation of linearity. We calculate the sensi...

In t,his paper, we propose a registration method between multiple differently focused images using the hierarchical block matching technique in which displacement, scale and rotation are taken into account. Local deformation due to lens distortion is further corrected by local matching. We also propose an efficient estimation method of blur parameters of defocused regions in these focused image...

This paper introduces a new technique to estimate the SNR value of the focused SEM images from a defocus images. Basically SEM user took hours to make adjustment on the SEM and produced a focused image. Therefore, in order to solve the time consuming problem, a solution is proposed. Based on the experiments on 100 images, a method used an exponential equation is developed to estimate the noise-...

This paper investigates some of the fundamental design issues related to untethered biomedical microrobots guided inside the human body through external magnetic fields. Immediate application areas for these microrobots include cardiovascular, intraocular and inner-ear diagnosis and surgery. Issues investigated include the effects of magnetic actuation forces and viscous drag forces faced by ma...

Image deconvolution is an effective image restoration technique to improve the quality of digital microscopic images resulting from out-of-focus blur. To solve the severely ill-posed problem of traditional Richardson–Lucy method, considering the point spread difference of various directions, a new microscope image restoration method based on multiple defocused images of different aperture is pr...

An anisometropia was simulated in kittens during the critical period of development by securing a high-powered negative lens in front of one eye. Refractive error measurements obtained with an objective infrared optometer indicated that the deprived eyes of the anisometropic kittens were significantly more myopic than the normal eyes. A-scan ultrasonography showed that these differences in refr...

Long (σz ∼ 500 μm) SLAC electron and positron bunches sent into dense plasmas (ne = 0.6 − 2.3 × 10 cm−3) are subject to a transverse two-stream instability called the self-modulation instability or SMI. We use numerical simulations to show that when the SMI saturates, the wakefield excitation reaches the nonlinear regime of the plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA). We show that defocused particl...