Denial of Service (DoS) has become a prevalent threat in today’s networks. Motivated by an impressive variety of reasons and directed against an equally impressive variety of targets, DoS attacks are not as difficult to launch as one would expect. Protection against them is, however, disproportionately difficult. Despite the extensive research in recent years, DoS attacks continue to harm. In o...

Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein that is composed of the transferrin family and is predominantly found in the products of the exocrine glands located in the gateways of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems, suggesting a role in the non-specific defence against invading pathogens. Additionally, several physiological roles have been attributed to LF, namely regulat...

Monitoring transcriptional reorganization triggered in response to a particular stress is an essential first step for the functional analysis of genes involved in the process. To characterize Cicer arietinum L. defence responses against Helicoverpa armigera feeding, transcript patterns elicited by both herbivore and mechanical wounding were profiled and compared, and the application of defence ...

Biotic stress in plants frequently induces a hypersensitive response (HR). This distinctive reaction has been studied intensively in several pathosystems and has shed light on the biology of defence signalling. Compared with microbial pathogens, relatively little is known about the role of the HR in defence against insects. Reference genotype A17 of Medicago truncatula Gaertn., a model legume, ...

Plants generally respond to herbivore attack by increasing resistance and decreasing growth. This prioritization is achieved through the regulation of phytohormonal signaling networks. However, it remains unknown how this prioritization affects resistance against non-target herbivores. In this study, we identify WRKY70 as a specific herbivore-induced, mitogen-activated protein kinase-regulated ...

Serum obtained from mice 3 to 5 weeks after the third i.p. dose of dengue type 2 virus (DV) protected recipient mice against intracerebral challenge with DV, whereas the serum obtained after I and 2 weeks provided minimum protection. Adoptive intravenous transfer of immune spleen cells obtained from mice I to 5 weeks after immunization did not protect recipient mice against even a small dose (I...

There is a wide usage of mobiles anywhere and anytime to access the multimedia data. Thus there will be more oppurtunity for wireless adhoc networks. Because, comparing with the wired networks, wireless networks provides low cost and easy accesibility. But the main disadvantage for Consumer electronic devices were generally operate on limited battery power and therfore are vulnerable to securit...

Spider webs are made of silk, the properties of which ensure remarkable efficiency at capturing prey. However, remaining on, or near, the web exposes the resident spiders to many potential predators, such as ants. Surprisingly, ants are rarely reported foraging on the webs of orb-weaving spiders, despite the formidable capacity of ants to subdue prey and repel enemies, the diversity and abundan...