Since January 1, 2019, our country's individual income tax has implemented a collection system combining classification and synthesis. Great changes have taken place in the new methods, items, rates deductions, how to carry on planning under law appears be particularly important. Therefore, this article intends study of personal from aspects method, analyze effects these tax, propose scheme dif...

Abstract In their seminal paper, Kakwani and Lambert (Eur J Polit Econ 14:369–380, 1998) state three Axioms an equitable tax system should respect. By proposing a measurement based on re-ranking indexes of taxes, rates post-tax incomes, they show how to evaluate the negative influences that Axiom violations exert redistributive effect tax. considering each element real-world personal income tax...

mere cessation of vitality, and the ultimate chemical decomposition of the organic atoms of the body, and their resolution into their primitive elements?a mere negation of vitality. The physiologist cannot thus rest satisfied. It is his duty to bring to his aid the beautiful evidence of the laws of the animal economy, by Avhich the Creator works his fiat. He will, therefore, analyse these laws,...

Belief-logic deductions are used in the analysis of cryptographic protocols. We show a new method to decide such logics. In addition to the familiar BAN logic, it is also applicable to the more advanced versions of protocol security logics, and GNY in particular; and it employs an efficient forward-chaining algorithm the completeness and termination of which are proved. Theoretic proofs, implem...

We introduce a general approach for representing and reasoning with argumentation-based systems. In our framework arguments are represented by Gentzen-style sequents, attacks (conflicts) between arguments are represented by sequent elimination rules, and deductions are made by dynamic proof systems. This framework accommodates different languages and logics in which arguments may be represented...

We describe a strategy-based approach to teaching natural deduction using a notation that emphasises the order in which deductions are constructed, together with a LATEX package and Java app to aid in the production of teaching resources and classroom demonstrations. Our approach is aimed at students with little exposure to mathematical method and has been developed while teaching undergraduate...

physiological variation between the early, middle, and late ripening apples was apparent. The deductions and reasoning from the experimental data by Blackman in an attempt to clarify the results make the book worthwhile even if one takes issue with his lack of a statistical basis for his conclusions. The work should, as a result, be entitled to a place in the classical researches into the compl...