background: bone marrow stromal stem cells (bmsc) are appropriate source of multipotent stem cells that are ideally suited for use in various cell-based therapies. it can be differentiated into neuronal-like cells under appropriate conditions. this study examined the effectiveness of co-stimulation of creatine and retinoic acid in increasing the differentiation of bmsc into gabaergic neuron-lik...

it has been shown that the immunophilin ligands have the special advantage in spinal cord repair. in this study, the effects of cyclosporine a (csa) on functional recovery and histological outcome were evaluated following spinal cord injury in rats. after spinal cord hemisection in thirty six adult female sprague-dawley rats (200- 250 g), treatment groups received csa (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) at 15min ...

background and objective: parkinson’s disease (pd) is a common neurological disorder due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons within pars compacta of substantia nigra (snc). with regard to protective effect of malva sylvestris (ms), this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of aquaeous extract of this plant in an experimental model of pd induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-ohda). materials...

A full understanding of nervous system function requires recording from large populations of neurons during naturalistic behaviors. Here we enable paralyzed larval zebrafish to fictively navigate two-dimensional virtual environments while we record optically from many neurons with two-photon imaging. Electrical recordings from motor nerves in the tail are decoded into intended forward swims and...

the rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) acts a key role in the descending inhibitory pain modulation. neuropeptide orexin-a (orxa) is confined to thousands of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (lh). while rvm gets the orexinergic projections, the orexin receptors are also expressed in this structure. the aim of this study was to specify the cellular effects of orxa on rvm neurons in vitro by u...

Neuroethologists try to assign behavioral functions to certain brain centers, if possible down to individual neurons and to the expression of specific genes. This approach has been successfully applied for the control of circadian rhythmic behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Several so-called "clock genes" are expressed in specific neurons in the lateral and dorsal brain where th...