The operational function of the trunk limbs (thoracic appendages), Daphnia, P3 and P4, is a long-term disputed definition between “solid walls”, sieving filters. Sieving unlikely process for routine particle collection, capture not simple mechanical by alone. Analysis promotion supported direct observational examination in-vivo cinematographic slow-motion film magnified solid photos tethered Da...

background : metronidazole, as one of the most widely used antibiotics in the world, in addition to various benefits, has significant adverse effects on the environment and animals. the catalytic ozonation process is one of the most successful methods for antibiotics removal. however, it should be noted that this process, like other oxidation processes, has some byproducts that can be toxic in ...

Immunity in vertebrates is well established to develop with time, but the ontogeny of defence in invertebrates is markedly less studied. Yet, age-specific capacity for defence against pathogens, coupled with age structure in populations, has widespread implications for disease spread. Thus, we sought to determine the susceptibility of hosts of different ages in an experimental invertebrate host...

Extinction is ubiquitous in natural systems and the ultimate fate of all biological populations. However, the factors that contribute to population extinction are still poorly understood, particularly genetic diversity and composition. A laboratory experiment was conducted to examine the influences of environmental variation and genotype diversity on persistence in experimental Daphnia magna po...

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The novel lanthanum-modified clay water treatment technology (Phoslock seems very promising in remediation of eutrophied waters. Phoslock is highly efficient in stripping dissolved phosphorous from the water column and in intercepting phosphorous released from the sediments. The active phosphorous-sorbent in Phoslock is the Rare Earth Element lanthanum. A leachate experiment revealed that lanth...

Mothers are expected to use environmental cues to modify maternal investment to optimize their fitness. However, when the environment varies unpredictably, cues may not be an accurate proxy of future conditions. Under such circumstances, selection favors a diversifying maternal investment strategy. While there is evidence that the environment is becoming more uncertain, the extent to which moth...