BACKGROUND A model of toe-to-finger transplantation has been used in studying peripheral nerve regeneration and central reorganization. It was found that recovery of sensory perception depends not only on peripheral reinnervation but also on central integrative mechanisms. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate functional changes of the brain and somatotopic representation of the transplanted t...

Toe-tipping is a commonly used procedure for mark-recapture studies of frogs, although it has been criticised for its potential influence on frog behaviour, site fidelity and mortality. We compared 24 h return rates of newly toe-tipped frogs to those previously toe-tipped and found no evidence of a stress response reflected by avoidance behaviour for 3 species: Litoria genimaculata, L. rheocola...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the toe function of elderly people and the association with the dynamic balance ability for the developing effective fall-prevention measures. [Subjects and Methods] Seventy-eight participants in a community health service were included in this cross-sectional study. The Timed Up and Go Test and Four Square Step Test were used to test dynamic b...

[Purpose] Physical development, foot morphology, and toe contact of children aged 3 to 5 years were assessed in order to investigate the relationships between body and foot morphology and the incidence of the condition known as "floating toe". [Subjects] A total of 198 children, aged 3 to 5 years old, participated in this study. [Methods] Height and weight were measured for body morphology, and...

Tripping is presumed to be the principal cause for falls during walking. At minimum toe clearance, the potential for trip-related falls is considered to be highest. Thus, controlling minimum toe clearance is essential for walking without tripping. In theory, the central nervous system should therefore give priority to accurate control of the variability in minimum toe clearance, as compared to ...

Risk analysis methodologies can be useful tools to help decision-makers in dam safety engineering. One of the inputs needed for Quantitative Risk Analysis is an estimate of the probability of failure of the dam under study. Existing dams have been designed using the factor of safety, which is a concept associated with a certain mathematical model of the physical behavior of the dam. In dam engi...