† This paper originated from research supported by ARO grant W911NF0610359 and DARPA grant NBCH1050008. AbstractIbn al-Haytham (Latinized as Alhazen or Alhacen) was born in Basra in 965 A.D. [354 A.H.], but produced nearly all of his work in Cairo's al-Azhar Mosque, where he wrote nearly one hundred works on topics as diverse as poetry and politics. Al-Haytham is primarily known for his writing...

the practice and study of medicine in persia has a long and prolific history. the ancient iranian medicine was combined by different medical traditions from mesopotamia, egypt, india, china and greece for more than 4000 years and merged to form what became the nucleus and foundation of medical practice in the european countries in the 13th century. the iranian academic centers like jundishapur ...

Arabic manuscripts (almost a third of McGill's Arabic holdings) comprising copies of 62 different works. The manuscripts collected by Osler were acquired mainly from a professional colleague in Hamadhan in western Iran; others were obtained later and originated in the collections of two well-known Islamists: the Russian scholar V. Ivanow, and the German physician and Arab medical historian Max ...

mortaza and who was later on given the title alam al - hoda by vizier abu said mohammad ibn al-hossein.    mortaza has sung 14 short and long satirical poems independently and in total 696 verses, for his grand father emam hossein in these touching elegies which he used to sing on the day of ashura, he defended shi'as basic thoughts and its ideals.    he has grown under the care of his mot...

The heritage of Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina (known in Europe as Avicenna, hereinafter referred to as Avicenna; around 980-1037 ce)has been used in the practice of doctors of various specialties in the treatment of various diseases for many centuries. Extensive clinical experience accumulated over a long time is actively used in modern medicine. Avicenna has had an invaluable contri...