Objective: Colour vision is a function of three types of cone pigments present in retina. Any abnormality in the cone pigments may cause deficiency of colour vision which is called as colour blindness. The incidence of Colour vision deficiency varies from race to race and different in different geographical areas. Colour is very important sign used in medical profession, but there is no effecti...

Background: Every year, eating, exercise, work, and travel patterns change during the holidays and these behavioral changes at a larger scale may cause death due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Considering the importance of CVD, the present study was conducted for the first time in Iran to determine the differences in the ratio of deaths due to CVD on holidays and working days. Materials an...

BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previous trials have investigated the effects of low-dose aspirin on CVD prevention in patients with diabetes; however, patients with CKD were not examined. The role of aspirin in diabetics is controversial, and the available literature is contradictory. Therefore, we studied whet...

BACKGROUND The association between sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in elderly people has not been adequately assessed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CVD is more prevalent in subjects with sarcopenia independent of other well-established cardiovascular risk factors in older Korean adults. METHOD This study utilized the representative Korean population data from t...

BACKGROUND Metabolomics is a promising tool of cardiovascular biomarker discovery. We systematically reviewed the literature on comprehensive metabolomic profiling in association with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS AND RESULTS We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to January 2016. Studies were eligible if they pertained to adult humans; followed an agnostic and/or comp...

BACKGROUND Validated risk equations are currently recommended to assess individuals to determine those at 'high risk' of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there is no longer a risk 'equation of choice'. AIM This study examined the differences between four commonly-used CVD risk equations. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional analysis of individuals who participated in a workplace-based r...

Background—Serum bilirubin is an endogenous antioxidant that is routinely measured before a statin is prescribed primarily to assess liver function, but the association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this population has not been explored. Method and Results—We identified patients from a United Kingdom primary care database (The Health Improvement Network) with measurements of serum total ...

BACKGROUND Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) inhibits the production of nitric oxide, a key regulator of the vascular tone, and may be important in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our aim was to reliably quantify the association of ADMA and its isomer symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) with the risk of CVD outcomes in long-term cohort studies. METHODS AND RESULTS Data were co...

OBJECTIVE We examined diabetes as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk equivalent based on severity and other CVD factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS pooled four U.S. cohorts (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities [ARIC], Jackson Heart Study [JHS], Multi-Ethnic of Atherosclerosis [MESA], Framingham Offspring Cohort [FHS-Offspring]) classified subjects into groups by baseline diabetes/CVD status (...