J Rehabil Med Suppl 41, 2003 DOI 10.1080/16501960310010188 Understanding how sensory information is used by motor systems for motor commands requires detailed knowledge about how the body shape and biomechanics are represented in the motor circuits. We have used the withdrawal reflex system as a model for studies of sensorimotor transformation. This system has a modular organisation in the adul...

background: the purpose of dehorning in cattles is to decrease injuries and increase security in farms. besides breeding managements, different chemical and physical methods are used for dehorning of livestock, depending on their age, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. objectives: this study was performed to evaluate the effects of clove oil on disbudding new born calves following ...

Gain control of primary afferent neurotransmission at their intraspinal terminals occurs by several mechanisms including primary afferent depolarization (PAD). PAD produces presynaptic inhibition via a reduction in transmitter release. While it is known that descending monoaminergic pathways complexly regulate sensory processing, the extent these actions include modulation of afferent-evoked PA...

Some neurones in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are strongly inhibited when a nociceptive stimulus is applied to any part of the body, distinct from their excitatory receptive fields. This phenomenon was termed "Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls" (DNIC). DNIC influence only convergent neurones: the other cell types which are found in the dorsal horn, including specific nociceptive neurone...

introduction pelvic pain results from many causes such as primary dysmenorrhea, uterine anomalies, menstrual outflow obstruction, endometriosis, myoma and adenomyosis. this study reports on a rare case of non-communicating functional rudimentary horn. case presentations a 15-year-old nulligravida young woman with a history of severe intermittent pelvic pain presented a 4-5 centimeter mass. a su...