I study the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in a model of endogenous growth with sequential innovation. The model mimics the innovation process in hi-tech sectors where many of the techniques and products used in R&D are recent discoveries themselves. Depending on the structure of the patent system, some of these discoveries might still be protected by a patent. In this context IPRs...

We show that the method of Kipnis and Varadhan (Comm. Math. Phys. 104 (1986) 1) to construct a martingale approximation to an additive functional of a stationary ergodic Markov process via the resolvent is universal in the sense that a martingale approximation exists if and only if the resolvent representation converges. A sufficient condition for the existence of a martingale approximation is ...

Plant of genus Taraxacum known as dandelion have long been used in tradition medicinal. Extracts from dandelion possess anti-influenza virus, anti-fertility and anti-retrovirus activity, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. Chicoric acid also known as dicaffeyltartaric acid and belongs to phenylpropanoids is one of the main constituent of T. officinale. The current investigation was conduc...

Intellectual property protections on seeds have increased dramatically in recent decades, from the granting of patent-like protections on certain types of seeds in 1970 to the enforcement of contract provisions for seeds beyond the first sale in 2013. During this same period, the seed industry has experienced rapid consolidation. Although as recently as the 1970s, it was characterized by thousa...

The current situation in the research of rapid lineprofile and light variations of early-type stars is critically reviewed. It is suggested that the ultimate understanding of the physical processes causing these variations can only come from an open-minded and complex approach to the problem and from systematic observational effort. It is argued that the results of the search for periodicities ...

* This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0433653. Abstract Although much research has focused on emerging understandings of representation and mind, very little research has explored the adult understanding of different representational systems. The current experiments demonstrate that adults differentiate intentional and nonintentional rep...

We present a brief discussion of recent work on duality symmetries in non–trivial string backgrounds. Duality is obtained from a gauged non–linear σ–model with vanishing gauge field strength. Standard results are reproduced for abelian gauge groups, whereas a new type of duality is identified for non–abelian gauge groups. Examples of duals of WZW models and 4–d black holes are given. String The...