complicated potential structure formed at a constriction of positive column of a dc discharge with heated cathode in he at low discharge currents is investigated. according to the potential structure, electrons and ions are accelerated by the electric field and their energy distribution functions acquire multi humped shapes. additional maximums on distribution functions quickly disappear due to...

BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are associated with increased discounting of delayed rewards and reduced executive working memory (eWM) capacity. This association is amplified when comorbid with antisocial psychopathology (AP). Furthermore, recent studies suggest that reduced WM capacity is associated with disinhibited decisions reflected by increased impulsive decision making on the de...

BACKGROUND Decisions under risk and with outcomes that are delayed in time are ubiquitous in real life and can have a significant impact on the health and wealth of the decision-maker. Despite its potential relevance for real-world choices, the degree of aberrant risky and intertemporal decision-making in patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder ...

Photovoltaic systems integrated to the grid have received considerable attention around the world. They can be connected to the electrical grid via galvanic isolation (transformer) or without it (transformerless). Despite making galvanic isolation, low frequency transformer increases size, cost and losses. On the other hand, transformerless PV systems increase the leakage current (common-mode c...

A subproblem finite element method is developed for evaluating the eddy losses due to high current leads in transformers. The structural component of the transformer is modeled with classical volumetric elements or more efficiently with a thin shell model (surface impedance technique). Tools are then developed to correct the inaccuracies near edges and corners inherent to thin shell models for ...

The paper presents electromagnetic finite element analyses for the eddy current losses in permanent magnets of synchronous machines. The main focus lies on high order element formulations and the comparison of the respective results against an analytical evaluation of these losses for both linear and rotational arrangements. Therefore, the representation of skin depth and wave length with the n...

A circuit technique that reduces the boost-converter losses caused by the reverse-recovery current of the rectifier is described. The losses are reduced by inserting an inductor in the series path of the boost switch and rectifier to control the di=dt rate of the rectifier during its turn off. The energy from the inductor after the boost switch turn off is returned to the input or delivered to ...

Battery equalization can increase batteries’ life cycle, utilization, and reliability. Compared with battery equalization topologies based on resistance or energy storage components, the topologies based on transformers have the advantages of high balancing current and efficiency. However, the existence of switching losses will reduce the reliability and service life span of the equalization ci...

In recent years mobile computing has experienced an explosive growth, mainly due to the integration of wireless networks with the wired Internet. To deploy bandwidthgreedy multimedia applications on such heterogeneous environments, efficient congestion control algorithms are required. When congestion control protocols such as TFRC are used to transmit multimedia flows, they need to differentiat...

For small cyclic peptides, one electron capture by the [M + 2H](2+) ion generates numerous fragments corresponding to amino acid losses, side-chain losses, and losses of some low molecular weight species such as H(2)O, CH(3)(*), C(3)H(6), and (*)CONH(2). As predicted, the side-chain cleavages are amplified relative to linear peptides of similar size, but the amino acid losses were unexpected be...