BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid therapy is used widely in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with good efficacy but concerns about safety including fractures. Estimates of fracture risk for any given patient are complicated by the dynamic pattern of glucocorticoid use, where patients vary in their dose, duration and timing of glucocorticoid use. OBJECTIVE To investigate which methods are curre...

We model energy demand across five end-use sectors and 15 products in Saudi Arabia, generating comprehensive price income elasticity estimates. Using the Structural Time Series Model, we demonstrate that trends underlying are generally stochastic, underscoring importance of using such models for estimating unbiased elasticities. Our estimates reveal Arabia is inelastic all cases most cases, wit...

Objective: To analyze the impact of age at onset on the development of diabetic nephropathy children and adolescents with T1DM. Methods: We studied children and adolescents in whom type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was diagnosed before the age of 15 years between 1992 and 2005 years in a Moscow district. MAY screening [albumin excretion rate (AER) in three timed overnight samples: mean AER ‡30 mg...

Chronic low-dose exposure to solvents has been associated in epidemiologic studies with chronic neurotoxicity, but the evidence is not consistent. Styrene causes acute disturbances in the central and peripheral nervous systems. To determine if exposure to styrene may contribute to chronic diseases of the central nervous system, the authors examined mortality from nervous system diseases, mental...

The energy cost of walking (at 3.2 km x h(-1)) per unit distance (J x kg(-1) x m(-1)) at gradients of 0%, +7%, and +12% and during a progressive test (2% increase in gradient every 2 min), as well as the overall (aerobic plus anaerobic) net cumulative energy consumption and the corresponding maximal exercise duration were assessed in 19 patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and in 13 ...

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial medication that can also be used to treat autoimmune diseases. However, it can produce irreversible changes to the retina that lead to visual impairment. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of patients treated with HCQ who develop retinal toxicity and the risk factors for the development of HCQ-induced retinal toxicity among Iranian ...

OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of any and referable diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending an annual screening service for retinopathy and whose first screening episode indicated no evidence of retinopathy. DESIGN Retrospective four year analysis. SETTING Screenings at the community based Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service for Wales, United Kingdom...