with the collapse of soviet :union:, central asian countries came into independence. the countries were neglected by russia during the first years after their formation. this encouraged other regional and trans-regional powers to interfere in the region and try to maximize their interests. shifting its foreign-policy process, russia kept its eyes on look-east policy and tried to prevent others ...

identity and collective memory is one of the fascinating subjects in modern sociology. in iran, it arose again as modern and government-nation discourse emerged, and has been endlessly discussed since then. such subjects have assumed an increasing importance due to the multi-cultural and multi-ethical existence of iranian society and recent global developments. accordingly, the present study ha...