The migraine headache involves activation and central sensitization of the trigeminovascular pain pathway. The migraine aura is likely due to cortical spreading depression (CSD), a propagating wave of brief neuronal depolarization followed by prolonged inhibition. The precise link between CSD and headache remains controversial. Our objectives were to study the effect of CSD on neuronal activati...

Recently, it has been shown that brain topical superfusion of endothelin 1 (ET-1) at concentrations around 100 nM induces repetitive cortical spreading depressions (CSD) in vivo. It has remained unclear whether this effect of ET-1 is related to a primary neuronal/astroglial effect, such as increase in neuronal excitability or induction of interastroglial calcium waves, or a penumbra-like condit...

A highly specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was recently described for use in the diagnosis of cat scratch disease (CSD). However, data regarding EIA antibody kinetics or its correlation with long-term clinical follow-up data are lacking. The association between antibody kinetics, clinical spectrum, and disease duration were studied in 98 patients with CSD. The median duration of follow-up was 3...

OBJECTIVE Patent foramen ovale and pulmonary arteriovenous shunts are associated with serious complications such as cerebral emboli, stroke, and migraine with aura. The pathophysiological mechanisms that link these conditions are unknown. We aimed to establish a mechanism linking microembolization to migraine aura in an experimental animal model. METHODS We introduced particulate or air micro...

Migraine is sexually dimorphic and associated in 20-30% of patients with an aura most likely caused by cortical spreading depression (CSD). We have previously shown that systemic L-kynurenine (L-KYN), the precursor of kynurenic acid, suppresses CSD and that this effect depends on the stage of the estrous cycle in female rats. The objectives here are to determine the influence of ovarian hormone...

Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat-scratch disease (CSD), which usually manifests as acute regional lymphadenopathy. The causes of cervical lymphadenopathy, with special regard to CSD, were investigated in a study of 454 patients who presented with unclear masses in the head and neck from January 1997 through January 2001. Sixty-one patients (13.4%) experienced CSD; 54 (11.9%) ha...

OBJECTIVE To examine test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the Children's Social Desirability Short (CSD-S) scale, consisting of 14 items from the Children's Social Desirability scale. METHODS The previously validated CSD-S scale was classroom administered to 97 fourth-grade children (80% African American; 76% low socioeconomic status) in 2 sessions a month apart. Each classroom...

Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is the most frequent presentation of Bartonella henselae infection. It has a worldwide distribution and is associated with a previous history of scratch or bite from a cat or dog. CSD affects children and teenagers more often (80%) than adults, and it usually has a self-limiting clinical course. Atypical clinical course or systemic symptoms are described in 5%-20% of p...

Introduction: At 7T in the human brain reduced RF amplitude and increased spectral dispersion result in chemical shift dispersion (CSD) artifacts that can distort metabolite ratios. For 2D encoding within the plane of a slice, CSD artifacts can be eliminated by replacing in-plane gradient based slab selective refocusing with RF shimming based outer volume suppression. However, for 3D acquisitio...

Current source density (CSD) is the second spatial derivative of the local field potential (LFP). CSD analysis has been used extensively to localize the pattern of transmembrane current flow in neuronal ensembles. For brain responses to repeated external stimulation, the LFP data are epoched and averaged across an ensemble of trials, from which the CSD profile is then derived. For spontaneous b...