The Navier–Stokes equations for unsteady, incompressible, viscous fluids in the axisymmetric coordinate system are solved using a control volume method. The volume-of-fluid (VOF) technique is used to track the free-surface of the liquid. Model predictions are in good agreement with experimental measurements. It is found that the dynamic processes after impact are sensitive to the initial drople...

Silver fir is one of the most threatened conifer species in Croatia, especially at western edge its spread Croatian Dinarides, where decline trees has resulted significant ecological and economic issues. The aim this study was to determine, over an 18-year monitoring period, relationships silver crown defoliation with climatic factors structural attributes. We further analyzed tree retention ti...

Acorn production varies considerably among oak (Quercus) species, individual trees, years, and locations, which directly affects oak regeneration and populations of wildlife species that depend on acorns for food. Hard mast indices provide a relative ranking and basis for comparison of withinand between-year acorn crop size at a broad scale, but do not provide an estimate of actual acorn yield—...

1 The rapid growth rates of light-demanding tree species have been attributed in part to their low-density, low-cost stems. We evaluated the influence of light and biomass support costs on growth rates of trees 8–25 cm in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) among 21 species differing in wood density in two aseasonal rain forests. 2 Measurements of crown width, tree height, d.b.h. and wood densit...

OBJECTIVES New early first-trimester diagnostic criteria for nonviable pregnancy recommended by the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound via a multispecialty consensus panel extended the diagnostic size criteria of crown-rump length from 5 to 7 mm for embryos without a heartbeat and mean sac diameter from 16 to 25 mm for "empty" sacs. Our study assessed the potential impact of the new criteria...

Sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Hamamelidales: Hamamelidaceae), is a species of interest for short-rotation plantation forestry in the southeastern United States. Despite its high levels of resistance to many native insects and pathogens, the species is susceptible to generalist defoliators during outbreak epidemics. The objective of this field study was to evaluate the potential impact o...

We developed a method for reconstructing tree crown volume from a set of eight photographs taken from the N, S, E, W, NE, NW, SE and SW. This photographic method of reconstruction includes three steps. First, canopy height and diameter are estimated from each image from the location of the topmost, rightmost and leftmost vegetated pixel; second, a rectangular bounding box around the tree is con...