1. Exposure of the dogfish to rapidly induced hypoxia caused an initial, large reduction in heart rate to 32 % of its initial normoxic value. When P o of inspired water (PIt Ot) reached its lowest level, heart rate increased to 65 % of its normoxic value and this rate was maintained until Px 0> was returned to normal. 2. Bilateral section of the branchial and pharyngeal branches of either crani...

Abstract Background Scaphocephaly is a craniofacial anomaly where the skull disproportionately long and narrow. Premature closure of sagittal suture thought to be at core etiopathology for scaphocephaly. Case presentation The well-preserved found in an antiquated graveyard Parkand village Daregaz, Iran, with no visible signs surgical manipulation. indices were measured. maximum cranial length w...

The effects of systemic human recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) infusion upon both the vasoconstrictor effect of hypocapnia and the endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of acetylcholine (Ach) were examined in anesthetized rats equipped with cranial windows. Prior to the functional studies, each of six animals received an i.v. infusion of rIL-2 (6 x 10(5) IU/kg) every 8 h for 3 days. At the ...

These two cases have been chosen to illustrate the very considerable potential for change once the cranial lesions have been identified and their correction is planned as part of treatment.

OBJECTIVE To determine if cranial manipulation is associated with altered sleep latency. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of cranial manipulation on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) as a potential mechanism for altered sleep latency. DESIGN Randomized block design with repeated measures. SETTING The Integrative Physiology and Manipulative Medicine Departments, University of ...

Morphological integration describes the degree to which sets of organismal traits covary with one another. Morphological covariation may be evaluated at various levels of biological organization, but when characterizing such patterns across species at the macroevolutionary level, phylogeny must be taken into account. We outline an analytical procedure based on the evolutionary covariance matrix...