Abstract Methods for improving upper and lower bounds various coverings of planar sets are proposed. New numbers partition constituents presented, suggestions the generalization presented methods offered.

The goal of this paper is to explore basic topics in Algebraic Topology. The paper will first begin by exploring the concept of loops on topological spaces and how one can look at these loops and form a group. From there, it moves to discuss covering spaces giving basic definitions and constructing the universal cover. After establishing this, covering spaces are used to calculate the fundament...

It is shown that Morita equivalence preserves quasi-Koszulity, and a finite-dimensional K-algebra A is quasi-Koszul if and only if the skew group algebra A * G is, where G is a finite group satisfying charK ∤ |G|. It follows from these results that a finite-dimensional K-algebra A is quasi-Koszul if and only if the smash product A#G * is, where G is a finite group satisfying charK ∤ |G|. Furthe...

It is known that a definably compact group G is an extension of a compact Lie group L by a divisible torsion-free normal subgroup. We show that the o-minimal higher homotopy groups of G are isomorphic to the corresponding higher homotopy groups of L. As a consequence, we obtain that all abelian definably compact groups of a given dimension are definably homotopy equivalent, and that their unive...