First recognised as 'schizonts' of Trypanosoma cruzi, Pneumocystis organisms are now considered as part of an early-diverging lineage of Ascomycetes. As no robust long-term culture model is available, most data on the Pneumocystis cell cycle have stemmed from ultrastructural images of infected mammalian lungs. Although most fungi developing in animals do not complete a sexual cycle in vivo, Pne...

Papillomaviruses infect epithelial cells, and depend on epithelial differentiation for completion of their life cycle. The expression of viral gene products is closely regulated as the infected basal cell migrates towards the epithelial surface. Expression of E6 and E7 in the lower epithelial layers drives cells into S-phase, which creates an environment that is conducive for viral genome repli...

Globally, WHO estimates that 350 million individuals are infected with HBV and that HBV is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and regions of Asia. Hepatitis B is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B is treated with oral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bolognese J. Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Med J Therapeut Africa. 2007;3:229-3.

Reactive non-stoppable software systems perform tasks continually to face environmental changes. These changes require for adapting strategies of the set of behaviors, or to add new ones according to the ability of the underlying hardware capabilities. Current approaches to runtime adaptation focus only on information which is provided by the implementation phase. Design information is not invo...