Permanent private secretaries to the monarch are not elected, nor they chosen on civil service criteria. They also have no formal legal training, despite fact that their advice can be vital during constitutional crises. We test Ivor Jennings's claim serve as ‘irresponsible advisers’ Crown, who may influence in political disputes, and whether interests. Four case studies include Home Rule crisis...

The article deals with some issues that characterize the Basic Laws of Republic Austria and Russian Federation. When choosing leading research method, authors this were guided by fundamental dialectical means cognition, which is ascent from individual to general. comparison technique used in case based on a consistent understanding analysis similar conditions, rules requirements for applied his...