although england and the united states are both common law states and their legal systems follow the same rules, each has disregarded certain rules and changed them to suit specific circumstances. for instance, they have both disregarded the common law rule on the insertion of exemption conditions by carriers. regarding carrier’s liability towards passengers, the united states accepts the highe...

Deciding matters of legal liability, in torts and other civil actions, requires deciding causation. The injury suffered by a plaintiff must be caused by an event or condition due to the defendant. The courts distinguish between cause-in-fact and proximate causation, where cause-in-fact is determined by the “but-for” test: the effect would not have happened, “but for” the cause.1 Proximate causa...

The sea potentially fulfills the interests of transportation; for example, transportation tankers. Indonesian is included in seas with dense traffic tankers causing risk oil pollution due to tanker accidents. For three cases contamination caused by accidents occurred Cilacap Sea which largest refinery Indonesia. This study aimed find value justice losses considering that Indonesia has ratified ...

background: medical liability systems play an important role on doctors’ everyday practices and their relationship with patients. they can be established in two ways, fault-based and non-fault. basing medical liability upon the element of fault links it to various issues of medical ethics.  in this paper, we have studied the possible ways each system, could affect the applicability of values an...

Law enforcement on cases of environmental pollution and/or destruction is very difficult to implement in Indonesia. One the contributing factors normalization principle strict liability which not firm and has a limited scope. This study aims analyze legal issues regarding UUPPLH its application law destruction. research uses normative juridical research. The results show that UUCK deviated from...

the current paper aims to examine the liability observed in sphere of presentation of goods and services with the infraction of special codes and regulations related to advertising or general codes or regulations of liability with contractual or non-contractual basis. specifically, there are not any mentions about all kinds of these liabilities in the rules of iran. the current research, which ...

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