Many-particle confinement (localization) is studied for a 1D system of spinless fermions with nearest-neighbour hopping and interaction, or equivalently, for an anisotropic Heisenberg spin-1/2 chain. This system is frequently used to model quantum computers with perpetually coupled qubits. We construct a bounded sequence of site energies that leads to strong single-particle confinement of all s...

Experimental investigations of spin-polarized electron confinement in nanostructures by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) are reviewed. To appreciate the experimental results on the electronic level, the physical basis of STM is elucidated with special emphasis on the correlation between differential conductance, as measured by STS, and the electron d...

We give another derivation of quark confinement in QCD from the viewpoint of the low-energy effective Abelian gauge theory of QCD obtained via Abelian projection. It is based on the recently discovered Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition in the four-dimensional Abelian gauge theory. Moreover, we show that there exists a critical gauge coupling constant in QCD, above which confineme...

The creation of the first small-Debye length, low temperature pure electron plasmas in a stellarator is reported. A confinement time of 20 ms has been measured. The long confinement time implies the existence of macroscopically stable equilibria and that the single particle orbits are well confined despite the lack of quasisymmetry in the device, the Columbia non-neutral torus. This confirms th...

Synthetic microswimmers are envisioned to be useful in numerous applications, many of which occur in tightly confined spaces. It is therefore important to understand how confinement influences swimmer dynamics. Here we study the motility of bimetallic microswimmers in linear and curved channels. Our experiments show swimmer velocities increase, up to 5 times, with the degree of confinement, and...

Using a Landau-de Gennes approach, we study the impact of confinement topology, geometry and external fields on the spatial positioning of nematic topological defects (TDs). In quasi two-dimensional systems we demonstrate that a confinement-enforced total topological charge of m > 1/2 decays into elementary TDs bearing a charge of m = 1/2. These assemble close to the bounding substrate to enabl...

ITER will be the first fusion reactor and the 50 year old dream of fusion scientists will become reality. The quality of magnetic confinement will decide about the success of ITER, directly in the form of the confinement time and indirectly because it decides about the plasma parameters and the fluxes, which cross the separatrix and have to be handled externally by technical means. This lecture...

This is the second of the two last papers by V.N. Gribov concluding his 20 year long study of the problem of quark confinement in QCD. In this paper the analytic structure of quark and gluon Green’s functions is investigated in the framework of the theory of confinement based on the phenomenon of supercritical binding of light quarks. The problem of unitarity in a confining theory is discussed....

The center-stabilized multiflavor QCD* theories formulated on R3 × S1 exhibit both Abelian and non-Abelian confinement as a function of the S1 radius, similar to the Seiberg–Witten theory as a function of the mass deformation parameter. For sufficiently small number of flavors and small r(S1), we show occurence of a mass gap in gauge fluctuations, and linear confinement. This is a regime of con...

Pure electron plasmas and electron plasmas with a finite ion fraction have been studied in the Columbia Nonneutral Torus (CNT) since the end of 2004. Results from the first three years of operation are summarized. Stable, small Debye length pure electron plasmas are routinely created, and have confinement times up to 20 msec. The confinement is limited by radial transport caused by internal rod...