We develop a semantic foundation and a core programming language for bi-directional transformations on tree-stuctured data. In one direction, these transformations, called lenses, map a complex “concrete” tree into a simplified “abstract” one; in the other, they map a modified abstract tree, together with the original concrete tree, to a correspondingly modified concrete tree. The challenge of ...

This paper proposes a method of evaluating the strength of concrete below a degraded surface determined from an x-ray image taken of a 10 mm and 30 mm core cut from the insitu concrete. The image was enhanced by impregnation of the surface with a contrast medium. Several types of concrete having different water-cement ratio were used in the experiment. As a result, it is showed that the strengt...

Breakwaters are coastal structures constructed to shelter a harbour basin from waves. There are two main types: rubble-mound breakwaters, consisting of various layers of stones or concrete pieces of different sizes (weights), making up a porous mound; and vertical breakwaters, impermeable and monolythic, habitually composed of concrete caissons. This article deals with rubble-mound breakwaters....

In this paper, the effect of Polypropylene Fibers added to concrete on strength and thermal resistance of high strength concrete has been investigated. Therefore, five tests have been carried out to reach this goal which it includes; effect of weight percent of polypropylene fibers on mechanical properties of concrete, effect of fiber’s length on the strength of high strength concrete, effect o...

Concrete, used in the construction of nuclear power plants (NPPs), may be exposed to radiation emanating from the reactor core. Until recently, concrete has been assumed immune to radiation exposure. Direct evidence acquired on Ar(+)-ion irradiated calcite and quartz indicates, on the contrary, that, such minerals, which constitute aggregates in concrete, may be significantly altered by irradia...

Piles used in bridges, structures and marine environments are typically produced using concrete, steel, and timber. High repair and replacement costs of these piles have led North American highway agencies and port authorities to investigate the feasibility of using durable materials such as fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) in pile applications. This paper presents a new generation of composite ...

Reinforced concrete walls are commonly used as the primary lateral-force-resistingsystem for tall buildings. As the tools for conducting nonlinear response history analysis have improved and with the advent of performance-based seismic design, reinforced concrete walls and core walls are often employed as the only lateral-force-resisting-system. Proper modeling of the load versus deformation be...

Wind turbine foundations are typically cast in place, leaving the concrete to mature under environmental conditions that vary in time and space. As a result, there is uncertainty around the concrete's initial performance, and this can encourage both costly over-design and inaccurate prognoses of structural health. Here, we demonstrate the field application of a dense, wireless thermocouple netw...

Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) consisting of two or more different types of fibers has been widely investigated because of its superior mechanical properties. In the present study, the effect of the addition of steel (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% of concrete volume) and Polypropylene (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% of concrete volume) fibers on the surface scaling resistance of concrete, depth of ...

Characteristics of produced concrete become changedthrough changingthe characteristics of materials constituting the concrete. These changes include: The quality of cement, the real ration of water to cement: with neglecting the further water within the aggregates or lack of that, the consideredratio fluctuates and the characteristics of the aggregate which are related to the following dimensio...