The magnitude and efficiency of particulate carbon export from the ocean surface depends not only on net primary production (NPP) but also how is consumed, respired, repackaged by organisms. We contend that several these processes can be captured size spectrum plankton community. However, most global models have relatively simple food-web structures are unable to generate spectra. Moreover, lif...

We propose that effective community size can be defined on the basis of the web of indirect interactions experienced on average by each individual species. Indirect interaction chains are composed of links provided by direct interactions. We analyzed previously published data on 20 assemblages of species. Chain strengths were estimated by the weakest link and by the product of link strength. Th...

Online communities, which have become an integral part of the day-to-day life of people and organizations, exhibit much diversity in both size and activity level; some communities grow to a massive scale and thrive, whereas others remain small, and even wither. In spite of the important role of these proliferating communities, there is limited empirical evidence that identifies the dominant fac...

The present study was conducted in 47 different riparian areas distributed throughout Denmark to investigate diversity and distributional patterns of plant communities along a lowland stream size gradient (first to fifth order). The investigated areas were representative for Danish riparian areas not in use for agricultural production. We investigated plant community richness along a stream siz...

Data from the national Peru Fertility Survey are used to estimate infant and childhood mortality ratios, 1968--77, for 124 Peruvian communities, ranging from small Indian hamlets in the Andes to larger cities on the Pacific coast. Significant mortality variations are found: mortality is inversely related to community population size and is higher in the mountains than in the jungle or coast. Mu...

The Agulhas Bank on the tip of southern Africa, like other shelf seas, is a relatively productive environment which plays crucial role in biology and success many commercially valuable fish species. Fish their larvae depend zooplankton to feed but, despite importance, little known about distribution production Bank. Here we present results from survey conducted March 2019 East Central Bank, inv...