The binary Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) is to decide whether there exists an assignment to a set of variables which satisfies specified constraints between pairs of variables. A binary CSP instance can be presented as a labelled graph encoding both the forms of the constraints and where they are imposed. We consider subproblems defined by restricting the allowed form of this graph. One...

Chemoreception is a biological process essential for the survival of animals, as it allows the recognition of important volatile cues for the detection of food, egg-laying substrates, mates, or predators, among other purposes. Furthermore, its role in pheromone detection may contribute to evolutionary processes, such as reproductive isolation and speciation. This key role in several vital biolo...

background:although intellectual disability (id) is a common disability in iran, there is no investigation on the spatial distribution pattern of these patients in national level and the spatial maps for recognition the areas with higher prevalence of ids and local neighborhoods of these regions or effect of socio-demographic factor on this scattering is not still available. this proposition mo...

Desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) show a dramatic form of socially induced phenotypic plasticity known as phase polyphenism. In the absence of conspecifics, locusts occur in a shy and cryptic solitarious phase. Crowding with conspecifics drives a behavioural transformation towards gregariousness that occurs within hours and is followed by changes in physiology, colouration and morphology, ...

This study presents the development and evaluation of pattern matching refinements (PMRs) to automatic code switching point (CSP) detection. With all PMRs, evaluation showed an accuracy of 94.51%. This is an improvement to reported accuracy rates of dictionary-based approaches, which are in the range of 75.22%-76.26% (Yeong and Tan, 2010). In our experiments, a 100sentence Tagalog-English corpu...

Providing an intuitive interface for the actual use of brain–computer (BCI) can increase BCI users’ convenience greatly. We explored possibility that visual imagery be used as a paradigm may constitute more intuitive, active BCI. To do so, electroencephalography (EEG) data were collected during perception and experiments. Three image categories (object, digit, shape) three different images per ...

poverty can have spatial dimensions. while general figures might show the spatial pattern of poverty, there is a need for more detailed examination of this pattern. relying on simple figures of spatial patterns and ranking regions based on them might be misleading. this paper tries to apply spatial analysis methodsm, namely spatial autoregressive models to find out the impacts of space on the h...

cesarean scar pregnancy (csp) is a rare, but life-threatening type of ectopic pregnancy. an exact and early diagnosis of csp is very important for prognosis. the aim of the present study was to describe 4 women with csp and discuss their clinical presentations, diagnoses, and various management options along with the published literature. four women with a suspicion of csp or cervical pregnancy...

Spatial pattern of trees can possibly indicate stand history, population dynamics, and species competition. This research was investigated in the Chahartagh forest reserve, Ardal region, chaharmehal and Bakhtiari Province, Central Zagros forest, and southwest Iranian state. In this study 53 hectare of the study area was selected and perfect inventory.  Information includes the position and kind...