Murray Rothbard and Ludwig von Mises argued that cases of negative externalities all turn out to be instances failure government enforce individual property rights adequately. This article goes beyond in claiming is far from the only way which gives rise externalities. Indeed, rather than requiring intervention remedy problems they cause, this argues most actions actually cause Looking at leads...

Modeling fault behaviors such as fault occurrences and active/benign durations is an essential step to the design and evaluation of fault-tolerant controller computers. We use a beta-binomial distribution to model fault occurrences both in the presence and in the absence of environmentally-induced (thus common-cause) faults. A multinomial distribution is used to model fault active durations. Th...