Confinement loss is comprehensively evaluated for TE, TM, and hybrid modes of Bragg fibers using a multilayer division method newly developed. We show the loss dependence on the core radius, wavelength, cladding index contrast, and the number of cladding pairs. The confinement loss is reduced in proportion to (a/b)(2N) and (n(2) (b)b/n(2) (a)a)(2N) for the TE and other three modes, respectively...

A highly porous optical-fiber cladding was developed for evanescent-wave fiber sensors, which contains sensor molecules, maintains guiding conditions in the optical fiber, and is suitable for sensing in aqueous environments. To make the cladding material (a poly(ethylene) glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) polymer) highly porous, a microsphere templating strategy was employed. The resulting pore network...

this paper presents a reduce roll vibration of the full vehicle model with passive suspension systems using vibration absorber to change the dynamic system matrix stat’s eigenvalue. since using the controller system has been splurged and required to energy consuming, in this research the vehicle body roll vibration has been reduced and supplied vehicle stability using a vibration absorber for t...