OBJECTIVE To examine whether a range of common strategies used by parents to overcome bedwetting in 7½-year-old children (including lifting, restricting drinks before bedtime, regular daytime toilet trips, rewards, showing displeasure and using protection pants) are effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9½ years. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING General community. PARTIC...

BACKGROUND Developed and developing countries are facing rapid increases in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. The patterns of overweight/obesity differ by age, sex, rural or urban residence and socioeconomic position (SEP) and vary between and within countries. METHODS We investigated patterns of SEP--overweight status association among adolescents from the UK (ALSPAC) an...

The authors aimed to characterize developmental trajectories to nighttime continence by applying two latent class models-longitudinal latent class analysis (LLCA) and latent class growth analysis (LCGA)-to data on nighttime bed-wetting from a population-based birth cohort, the Medical Research Council 1946 National Survey of Health and Development cohort. Data on a binary outcome (wetting in th...

BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) patients face numerous difficulties adhering to the long-term, rigorous TB treatment regimen. Findings on TB patients' treatment adherence vary across existing literature and official reports. The present study attempted to determine the actual treatment adherence of new TB patients and to identify factors leading to non-adherence. METHODS A prospective cohort of ...

OBJECTIVE We examined if those born late-preterm (at 34 to 36 weeks of gestation) differed from those born at term in their maximum attained lifetime socioeconomic position (SEP) across the adult years up to 56 to 66 years, and in intergenerational social mobility from childhood parental SEP to own attained SEP. METHODS Participants were 8993 Finnish men and women of the Helsinki Birth Cohort...

OBJECTIVE To measure the levels and patterns of physical activity, using accelerometers, of 11-year-old children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING ALSPAC is a birth cohort study located in the former county of Avon, in the southwest of England. This study used data collected when the children were 11 years...

PURPOSE The primary objective of this study was to assess anesthesia residents' opinions and perceptions on wellness/burnout, fatigue, education, and patient safety after the initiation of a reduced call model (16-hour call). METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted at three time points during the 2013-2014 academic year. A web-based questionnaire consisting of 23 questions was electr...

BACKGROUND To compare the results of a new-user cohort study design and the self-controlled case series (SCCS) design using the risk of hospitalisation for pneumonia in those dispensed proton pump inhibitors compared to those unexposed as a case study. METHODS The Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs administrative claims database was used. Exposure to proton pump inhibitors ...

The trend of rising scores on intelligence tests raises important questions about the comparability of variation within and between time periods. Descriptions of the processes that mediate selection of item responses provide meaningful psychological criteria upon which to base such comparisons. In a recent paper, Fox and Mitchum presented and tested a cognitive theory of rising scores on analog...