A focus of early mathematics education is to build fluency through practice. Several models of skill acquisition have sought to explain the increase in fluency because of practice by modeling both the learning mechanisms driving this speedup and the changes in cognitive processes involved in executing the skill (such as transitioning from calculation to retrieval). In the current study, we use ...

BACKGROUND Children with fluent and accurate word reading in the presence of poor text comprehension are impaired on a wide range of reading-related tasks. AIMS This study investigated the consistency of skill impairment in a sample of poor comprehenders to identify any fundamental skill weakness that (i) might be associated with poor text comprehension, and (ii) might lead to depressed readi...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the utility of eye exam simulators in the training and assessment of family medicine residents for screening diabetic retinopathy (DR) utilizing direct ophthalmoscopy (DO). METHODS This prospective, single arm, cross-sectional study was conducted at King AbdulAziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in April 2013, wherein the final year family medicine ...

Research focusing on perceptual-cognitive skill in sport is abundant. However, the existing qualitative syntheses of this research lack the quantitative detail necessary to determine the magnitude of differences between groups of varying levels of skills, thereby limiting the theoretical and practical contribution of this body of literature. We present a meta-analytic review focusing on percept...

This paper gives an overview of the research that we have carried out at Linköping University on cognitive aspects of visual speech processing. First, a cognitive, individual difference perspective on speechreading is introduced, with a specific emphasis on the cognitive architecture of speechreading skill. Second, common cognitive characteristics of exceptionally skilled speechreaders is descr...

Cognitive and noncognitive skills are critical for a host of economic and social outcomes as an adult. While there is broad agreement that a significant amount of skill acquisition and development occurs early in life, the precise activities and investments that drive this process are not well understood. In this paper we examine how children’s time allocation affects their accumulation of skil...

Acquisition of competency in procedural skills is a fundamental goal of medical training. In this Perspective, the authors propose an evidence-based pedagogical framework for procedural skill training. The framework was developed based on a review of the literature using a critical synthesis approach and builds on earlier models of procedural skill training in medicine. The authors begin by des...

BACKGROUND The Cognitive Changes and Retirement among Senior Surgeons (CCRASS) study suggested that although subjective cognitive awareness may play a role in surgeons' retirement decisions, self-perceived cognitive decline did not predict objective cognitive performance. This article summarizes results from all participants who completed the survey portion of the CCRASS study. STUDY DESIGN A...

This article examines the anatomy and circuitry of skills that, like reading, calculating, recognizing, or remembering, are common abilities of humans. While the anatomical areas active are unique to each skill there are features common to all tasks. For example, all skills produce activation of a small number of widely separated neural areas that appear necessary to perform the task. These neu...