Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) made by Context-Dependent Assembly (CoDA) and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) provide robust and user-friendly technologies for efficiently inactivating genes in zebrafish. These designer nucleases bind to and cleave DNA at particular target sites, inducing error-prone repair that can result in insertion or deletion mutations. Here, we asses...

According to Huang (1987), all Chinese existential sentences involve the string of “... (NP) ... V ... NP ... (XP) ...”. When the V position is occupied by the verb you, the XP is refered to as you-coda. It has been observed that although the aspect markers zhe and le may alternate in the locative inversion construction (LIC), the superficially identical V-le and V-zhe sequences cannot appear i...

This acoustical and Electroglottography (EGG) study investigates the effect of coda deletion and co-articulatory phasing on vowels and final coda stops, [p t k ʔ], in Taiwan Min checked tones 3 and 5 syllables. Vowel duration, f0, spectral tilt (H1*-A3*), cepstral peak prominence (CPP) and glottal contact quotient (CQ_H) were analyzed. Compensatory lengthening, f0 lowering and increasing period...

When speakers of Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS) produce phonemic coda taps, Spanish-speakers of other dialects often perceive these as laterals. We observed production of phonemic coda laterals and taps by a male PRS speaker in real-time MRI. Temporal and spatial characteristics of tongue tip movements during coda liquid production are inconsistent with accounts positing a categorical change from r...

We first describe how the Coda distributed filesystem was ported to Windows 95 and 98. Coda consists of user level cache managers and servers and kernel level code for filesystem support. Severe reentrancy difficulties in the Win32 environment on this platform were overcome by extending the DJGPP DOS C compiler package with kernel level support for sockets and more flexible memory management. W...

This study examines the coda voicing effect in English on production of preceding vowel by comparing L1 and L2 speech. Particular attention is paid to how coda voicing contrast is encoded in temporal vs. spectral dimensions, how the effect interacts with information structure (with varying focus types), and how the use of information structure differs in L1 vs. L2. Both English (native) and Kor...

In the acquisition of a second language, numerous factors interact simultaneously, including the patterns of the first language (L1), the patterns of the target language (L2), universals of language acquisition, and the amount and type of exposure to the L2. English is learned as a second language in India, where the first languages of the English learners differ widely in the phonotactics of c...

Japanese speakers often face difficulty in producing complex syllable onsets in English and insert an extra vowel. We examined whether the vowel inserted by Japanese speakers was epenthetic (phonological) or excrescent (phonetic). The acoustic data suggested that an L1 phonological process was involved in vowel insertion by Japanese speakers with lower-level English competency, because the inse...

The child’s path towards an ability to produce initial consonant clusters has previously been described as involving, perhaps optional, stages of application of the processes ‘cluster simplification’ and ‘cluster reduction’ (for instance Grunwell, 1987). The process of ‘cluster simplification’ is described as a deletion of all but one members of the cluster, resulting in a unbranched syllable o...

[1] The coda of seismic waves consists of that part of the signal after the directly arriving phases. In a finite medium, or in one that is strongly heterogeneous, the coda is dominated by waves which have repeatedly sampled the medium. Small changes in a medium which may have no detectable influence on the first arrivals are amplified by this repeated sampling and may thus be detectable in the...