A complex thermodynamic–microphysical package has been formulated that is able to deal with the microphysical processes of condensed water vapour in a volcanic plume. The microphysics follows a prognostic bulk approach for cloud water, cloud ice, rain and graupel and the interaction between them. In a standard experiment, this module, applied within a Ž . new nonhydrostatic volcano plume model,...

(i) Develop a three-dimensional hurricane-vortex initialization scheme using the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) data, radar, QuickSCAT, and other in situ and remote sensing observations; (ii) improve the formulations of cloud microphysics, boundary-layer physics and air-sea interactive processes in hurricane models; (iii) study the larger-scale environments that are favorable for, and ...

The Indian summer monsoon rainfall: interplay of coupled dynamics, radiation and cloud microphysics P. K. Patra, S. K. Behera, J. R. Herman, S. Maksyutov, H. Akimoto, and T. Yamagata Frontier Research Center for Global Change/JAMSTEC, Yokohama 2360001, Japan NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA Dept. Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, J...

Clouds are one of the main reasons of uncertainties in the forecasts of weather and climate. In part, this is due to limitations of remote sensing of cloud microphysics. Present approaches often use passive spectral measurements for the remote sensing of cloud microphysical parameters. Large uncertainties are introduced by three-dimensional (3D) radiative transfer effects and cloud inhomogeneit...

1. はじめに リアルな雲の動きの生成は,コンピュータグラフ ィックス (CG)分野で重要な研究テーマの一つであ る.しかし,従来研究では降雨を伴う雲 (雨雲 )の形 成は考慮されていない.雨雲は,積雲・積乱雲・乱 層雲などの総称であり,さまざまな気象要因により 生じる.熱帯では主に,強い上昇気流によって雨雲 が形成される.また,日本のような中緯度帯では, 前線などのように,温度分布に変化がある空間中を 大気が主に水平方向に通過することによって雲が形 成される.例えば,温暖前線では乱層雲などが雨を もたらし,降雨を経て軽くなった雲がさらに前線面 に沿って上昇することにより,高い高度に薄い雲が 生成される.これらの気象現象により,雲の密度分 布・大気中の水蒸気分布や雨滴の大きさの分布は変 化に富み,輪郭が明瞭なものから不明瞭なものまで, さまざまな雲が形成される.このように,降雨を伴 ...

one of the most dazzling events in the atmosphere is lightning. during updrafts in the life cycle of cumulus clouds, collision of graupels and ice crystals in the presence of liquid water results in vertical separation of electrical charges and lightning. there are four types of lightening depending on the location of discharge. the first type is cloud-to-ground lightning or fork lightning that...

[1] A single-column model coupled to a bulk microphysics parameterization (with prognostic cloud liquid water, cloud ice, rain, and snow mixing ratios) is evaluated using cloud properties retrieved at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment (SHEBA) during the period of 1 April to 16 May 1998. Overall, the model accurately simulates the cloud boundaries and total cloud fraction, b...

Imagers on many of the current and future operational meteorological satellites in geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) and lower Earth orbit (LEO) have enough spectral channels to derive cloud microphysical properties useful for a variety of applications. The products include cloud amount, phase, optical depth, temperature, height and pressure, thickness, effective particle size, and ice or liquid ...

[1] Although controversial, many observations have suggested that low-level cloud cover correlates with the cosmic ray flux. Because galactic cosmic rays have likely decreased in intensity over the last century, this hypothesis, if true, could partly explain 20th century warming, thereby upsetting the consensus view that greenhouse-gas forcing has caused most of the warming. The ‘‘ion-aerosol c...