botulinum toxin a (bta) inhibits presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and has reportedly been successful in the treatment of spastic disorders.to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin on cerebral palsied children with spastic or mixed type of the disease, especially those patiens having spasticity as a cardinal symptom without joint contracture, we designed the fo...

Hodgkiss, W. (Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland), and Z. John Ordal. Morphology of the spore of some strains of Clostridium botulinum type E. J. Bacteriol. 91:2031-2036. 1966.-The spores of four strains of C. botulinum type E show an unusual and elaborate morphology. Numerous tubular appendages radiate from the surface of the spore. The spore and its appendages are enclosed in a delica...

Since 1999, large-scale mortalities of fish-eating birds have been observed on the Great Lakes, and more specifically on Lake Erie. Type E botulism has been established as the primary cause of death. The mechanism of type E botulism exposure in fish-eating birds is unclear. Given that these birds are thought to eat live fish exclusively, it seems likely that their prey play a key role in the pr...

Background: Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) complexes consist of neurotoxin and neurotoxin-associated proteins. Hemagglutinin-33 (HA-33) is a member of BoNT type A (BoNT/A) complex. Considering the protective role of HA-33 in preservation of BoNT/A in gastrointestinal harsh conditions and also its adjuvant role, recombinant production of this protein is favorable. Thus in this study, HA-33 was expr...