The urban transformation of the planet has spurred interest across a wide variety of disciplines in the fundamental changes to human society and the environment that result from urbanization. Landscape ecology is no exception. Since the late 1980s, the number of papers devoted to the study of the ecology of urban landscapes has risen dramatically. This trend prompted the question I address in t...

We characterize allelic and gene expression variation between populations of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) from two fragmented and two continuous landscapes in northern Europe. The populations exhibit significant differences in their life history traits, e.g. butterflies from fragmented landscapes have higher flight metabolic rate and dispersal rate in the field, and high...

Figure 1. Intraoperative view of left foot showing the tumor on the third toe (top left). Low-powered view of mass showing well-circumscribed tumor and pseudoencapsulation (top right). Medium-powered view of mass showing bland morphology of cells and mucinous features (bottom left). High-powered view of mass showing bland morphology and mucinous features (bottom right). DESCRIPTION A 26-year-ol...

The fitness landscape defines the relationship between genotypes and fitness in a given environment and underlies fundamental quantities such as the distribution of selection coefficient and the magnitude and type of epistasis. A better understanding of variation in landscape structure across species and environments is thus necessary to understand and predict how populations will adapt. An inc...

Evolution in changing environments is an important, but little studied aspect of the theory of evolution. The idea of adaptive walks in tness landscapes has triggered a vast amount of research and has led to many important insights about the progress of evolution. Nevertheless, the small step to time-dependent tness landscapes has most of the time not been taken. In this work, some elements of ...

We introduce a broadened framework to study aspects of coevolution based on the NK class of statistical models of rugged fitness landscapes. In these models the fitness contribution of each of N genes in a genotype depends epistatically on K other genes. Increasing epistatic interactions increases the rugged multipeaked character of the fitness landscape. Coevolution is thought of, at the lowes...

Worldwide conservation goals to protect biodiversity emphasize the need to rethink which objectives are most suitable for different landscapes. Comparing two different Swedish farming landscapes, we used survey data on birds and vascular plants to test whether landscapes with large, intensively managed farms had lower richness and diversity of the two taxa than landscapes with less intensively ...

Land-use intensification and habitat fragmentation is predicted to impact on the search strategies animals use to find habitat. We compared the habitat finding ability between populations of the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria L.) from landscapes that differ in degree of habitat fragmentation. Naïve butterflies reared under standardized laboratory conditions but originating from either...

The perturbative dynamics of noncommutative field theory (NCFT) is discussed from a point view of string field theory. As in the commutative case it is inevitable to introduce a closed string, which may be described as a bound state of two open strings. We point out that the closed string, interacting nontrivially with the open string, plays an essential role in the ultraviolet region. The cont...

This work studies the working principles, behavior, and performance of multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) on multiobjective epistatic fitness functions with discrete binary search spaces by using MNK-landscapes. First, we analyze the structure and some of the properties of MNK-landscapes under a multiobjective perspective by using enumeration on small landscapes. Then, we focus on t...