For individuals with movement impairments due to neurological injuries, rehabilitative therapies such as functional electrical stimulation (FES) and rehabilitation robots hold vast potential improve their mobility activities of daily living. Combining FES results in intimately coordinated human–robot interaction. An example interaction is cycling, where motorized assistance can provide high-int...

This paper studies the technique of the composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control for a class of cascade nonlinear systems with input saturation. The objective of this paper is to improve the transient performance of the closed-loop system by designing a CNF control law such that the output of the system tracks a step input rapidly with small overshoot and at the same time maintains the stabil...

A static-rate-feedback control for collocated structural systems is considered in this paper. The feedback gain matrix is obtained by solving linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to minimize an upper bound of the closed-loop HN or H2 norm. The LMI conditions are obtained by assuming the form of Lyapunov matrices in the standard LMI conditions for evaluating the HN or H2 norm. We demonstrate that t...

This chapter provides a tutorial introduction to the logic of closed-loop systems. A series of examples is presented to illustrate the dynamics of closed-loop systems and to contrast the behavior of these systems with expectations suggested by the logic of open-loop causal systems. In particular, the examples show that “feedback” per se is insufficient to guarantee convergence on a target. The ...

Closed loop neuromodulation, where the stimulation is controlled autonomously based on physiological events, has been more effective than open loop techniques. In the few existing closed loop implementations which have a feedback, indirect non-neurophysiological biomarkers have been typically used (e.g. heart rate, stomach distension). Although these biomarkers enable automatic initiation of ne...

in this paper, firstly by using a mixed linear programming a new model of locating facilities with limited capacity is presented to design a closed-loop supply chain in a multi-product and multi-period mode. then, using a robust optimization approach, the proposed model decreases in non-deterministic expansion. the results show that the proposed model can handle facility capacity in a closed lo...

The usual open-loop quantum and semiclassical theories of light detection are extended to include closed-loop operation in which there is feedback from the detector to the source. It is shown that the unmistakable signatures of nonclassical light associated with open-loop detection, such as sub-shot-noise spectra and sub-Poisson photo-counts, do not carry over to closed-loop systems. This behav...