Mitochondria produce metabolic energy, serve as biosensors for oxidative stress, and eventually become effector organelles for cell death through apoptosis. The extent to which these manifold mitochondrial functions are altered by previously unrecognized actions of anesthetic agents seems to explain and link a wide variety of perioperative phenomena that are currently of interest to anesthesiol...

YTOTOXIC T lymphocytes control viral infections by lysing infected cells and secreting soluble factors (cytokines) that enhance antiviral immunity and suppress infection. The importance of antiviral killer cells in controlling acute infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaque monkeys has clearly been demonstrated: resolution o...

The skeletal and immune systems are interconnected in normal (physiologic) and pathologic conditions. Both systems are intimately coupled, as osteoclastogenesis and hematopoiesis occur in the bone marrow. Osteoclasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells also share common precursors. Furthermore, the skeletal and immune systems share various cytokines, receptors, adaptor proteins, signaling molecul...

Clinical oncologists have long recognized the great variability in the cellular morphology, natural history, and response to therapy of human tumors. Recent progress in molecular biology, biological chemistry, immunology, and other disciplines has now provided scientists with an array of new technologies that has allowed the study of neoplastic disease to go beyond morphologic and clinical desc...

Underactive bladder (UAB) is a common urologic condition but a complex disease that causes troublesome lower urinary tract symptoms. Currently, management of UAB remains unsatisfactory. Also, many urological diseases can be combined with UAB. In these combined cases, the treatment results may be affected by UAB component. This review focuses on the clinical implications of UAB in patients with ...

IMPORTANCE Markedly enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces throughout the striatum appear occasionally on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the elderly, and this type of striatum is known as the Swiss cheese striatum (SCS); however, its clinical impact is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical features associated with SCS detected on MRI scans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A blind...

ULTIPLE sclerosis is the most common nontraumatic disorder of the central nervous system in young adults. Twenty years after the onset of disease, 90 percent of cases will have entered a progressive phase. Strong circumstantial evidence implicates an autoimmune mechanism in multiple sclerosis. The results of family studies illustrate the importance of genes in the familial aggregation of the di...

T he TIMI-9A1 and GUSTO-11A2 trial preliminary reports, in this issue of Circulation by highly experienced and respected investigators, show unexpectedly high rates of intracranial bleeds (ICBs) associated with administration of two plasminogen activators (streptokinase [SK] and tissue-type plasminogen activator [TPAI) and two intravenously administered anticoagulants (heparin and hirudin). Ano...

Fetal origin of HPV HPV originates in the fetus [3]. Vasomotor tone can be detected in the human fetal pulmonary circulation in the last trimester of pregnancy [4]. HPV contributes significantly to the high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in the fetus (only 10–15% of right ventricular outflow goes to the lungs) [5], mainly because pulmonary artery and alveolar fluid oxygen tension (PO2) lev...