The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the best known example of quasi-periodic natural climate variability on the interannual time scale. It comprises changes in sea temperature in the Pacific Ocean (El Niño) and changes in atmospheric pressure across the Pacific Basin (the Southern Oscillation), together with resultant effects on world weather. El Niño events occur at intervals of 2-7 yea...

the African climate is determined at the macro-level by three major processes or drivers: tropical convection, the alternation of the monsoons, and the el niño-southern oscillation of the Pacific ocean. the first two are local processes that determine the regional and seasonal patterns of temperature and rainfall. the last is more remote in its origin, but strongly influences the year to year r...

The interoceanic transfer of seawater between the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic, 'Agulhas leakage', forms a choke point for the overturning circulation in the global ocean. Here, by combining output from a series of high-resolution ocean and climate models with in situ and satellite observations, we construct a time series of Agulhas leakage for the period 1870-2014. The time series demonstrate...

A novel application of a technique developed from chaos theory is used in describing seasonal to interannual climate predictability over the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The technique is based on an empirical forecast scheme-local approximation in a reconstructed phase space-for time-series data. Data are monthly 500 hPa heights on a latitude-longitude grid covering the NH from 20°N to the equator...

We discuss evidence from observations and atmosphere model studies concerning the influence of Atlantic Ocean conditions on winter climate in the North Atlantic / European region. Both sources of evidence suggest the Atlantic influence is significant, and that the atmospheric response to Atlantic variability projects on the North Atlantic Oscillation pattern. It is suggested that the mechanism ...

Global climate anomalies affect world economies and primary commodity prices. One of the more pronounced climate anomalies is El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In this study I examine the relationship between ENSO and world commodity prices using monthly time series of the sea-surface temperature anomalies in the Nino 3.4 region, and real prices of thirty primary agricultural commodities. I ...

Dendrochronology (tree-ring science) techniques were applied to otolith growth increments in 3 flatfish species collected from the eastern Bering Sea: northern rock sole Lepidopsetta polyxystra, yellowfin sole Limanda aspera, and Alaska plaice Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus. Within each species, otoliths were visually crossdated to ensure that the correct calendar year was assigned to each gro...

Changes in variance are infrequently examined in climate change ecology. We tested the hypothesis that recent high variability in demographic attributes of salmon and seabirds off California is related to increasing variability in remote, large-scale forcing in the North Pacific operating through changes in local food webs. Linear, indirect numerical responses between krill (primarily Thysanoes...

Originating in the equatorial Pacific, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has highly consequential global impacts, motivating need to understand its responses anthropogenic warming. In this Review, we synthesize advances observed and projected changes of multiple aspects ENSO, including processes behind such changes. As previous syntheses, there is an inter-model consensus increase future ENSO...