Osteopathic physicians were denied the same rights and privileges that were granted to allopathic physicians by the US government regarding voluntary and compulsory service in World War I and World War II. Even after changes to the examination process allowed osteopathic physicians to take the examinations required to obtain commission as a physician in the army, osteopathic physicians' service...

During the World War II and Korean War era, the U.S. military freely distributed cigarettes to overseas personnel and provided low-cost tobacco products on domestic military bases. In fact, even today the military continues to sell subsidized tobacco products on its bases. Using a variety of instrumental variables approaches to deal with nonrandom selection into the military and into smoking, w...

OBJECTIVE This study relates trauma-induced dissociative amnesia reported in World War I (WW I) studies of war trauma to contemporary findings of dissociative amnesia in victims of childhood sexual abuse. METHOD Key diagnostic studies of post-traumatic amnesia in WW I combatants are surveyed. These cover phenomenology and the psychological dynamics of dissociation vis-à-vis repression. RESU...

How should literary historians measure a writer's understanding of war as it is witnessed and what effect that might have on reputation. The occasion for posing this question Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Chiefly about War Matters," his essay tour Washington, DC, environs during the second spring Civil War. examines central conflict time how, 160 years later, article in Atlantic magazine reveals some ...

Civil wars that appear to observers be the most complex—even using a colloquial understanding of concept—are also those seem register intense fighting, prolonged spells war, and resistance durable conflict resolution. But what does it really mean for civil war complex? We currently lack concept “civil complexity” can help us better understand important variations in across time space. To addres...

Are civilian attitudes a useful predictor of patterns of violence in civil wars? A prominent debate has emerged among scholars and practitioners about the importance of winning civilian “hearts and minds” for influencing their wartime behavior. We argue that such efforts may have a dark side: insurgents can use pro-counterinsurgent attitudes as cues to select their targets and tactics. We condu...

Conventional wisdom suggests that biased military interventions in civil conflicts should increase the probability that the supported side will win. However, while this is the case for rebel groups, the same is not true for governments. The explanation for this surprising finding becomes clear once one considers the decision of a third party intervener. Since interveners want to impact the outc...

The Civil War remains the most thoroughly explored field for research among American historians. Battles are fought and refought, strategies analysed in the light of modem mijitary thought, and seemingly every minute aspect of the Brothers' War is probed, then probed again. Yet with the exception of Bell I. Wiley,' George W. Adams,2 Horace H. Cunningham,3 and a few others,4 historians have devo...