BACKGROUND A stationary (i.e., constant through time) association between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh has been widely assumed. However, whether or not elements of the local climate that are relevant for cholera transmission have stationary signatures of the IOD on their dynamics over different time scales is still not...

Cholera in the nineteenth century has proved an enduring topic for historians. In 1961 Asa Briggs called for analysis of cholera as an under-utilized yet potentially powerful tool for the emerging discipline of social history.2 Researchers in the field responded with a plethora of works on this most brutal of epidemic diseases. Despite methodological and interpretative differences, the literatu...

In the mid-19th century, the German hygienist Max von Pettenkofer viewed cholera as resulting from the interaction between a postulated cholera germ and the characteristics of soils. In order to cause cholera, the cholera germ had to become a cholera miasma, but this transformation required prolonged contact of the germ with dry and porous soils when groundwater levels were low. This hypothetic...

in order to show the type and severity of gross and histopathologic lesions induce by vaccinal strain (serotype a1) of pateurella mulocida, ten four-week-old spf chickens were inoculated intramuscularly with 75 cfu of ( 0.5 ml of 10-7 dilution) bacterium. all birds died in less than 16 hours. no prominent gross lesions were observed in different organs. in microscopic examination, the most comm...

A total of 23 cases of cholera were diagnosed between 1985-87 in the Pathology Department of the Army Medical College, Rawalpindi. All the cases belonged to different localities of Rawalpindi and no clustering of cholera cases was seen. Moreover, no common source of infection could be ascertained. Although no epidemic of cholera has been reported from anywhere in Pakistan since 1967 but the pre...

Among the bacterial vaccines used for prophylactic measures, Cholera vaccme does not give a complete protection or a satisfactory mass vaccinations result compared with other biologics used for the prevention of other human infectious diseases. This relative failure is partly due to the fact that cholera used to be, for many centuries, a problem in a limited part of Asia and from this asian foc...

BACKGROUND Regional environmental factors have been shown to be related to cholera. Previous work in Bangladesh found that temporal patterns of cholera are positively related to satellite-derived environmental variables including ocean chlorophyll concentration (OCC). METHODS This paper investigates whether local socio-economic status (SES) modifies the effect of regional environmental forces...

Introductory. 1. Symptoms of Cholera. 2. Sporadic Cholera. 3. Epidemic Cholera. 4. In Relation to Age. 5. In Relation to Sex. 6. The Development of Epidemics. 7. Diffusion of Cholera. 8. In Relation to Rivers. 9. Potable Water. 10. In Relation to " Poison " and " Germs". 11. Atmospheric Conditions. 12. Prevailing Winds and Storms. 13. In Relation to Season. 14. In Relation to Natives and Foreig...

The characteristic motility of cholera vibrios, as viewed through a dark-field microscope, and the adhesiveness of chicken cell-positive vibrios provide a means for rapidly identifying and biotyping cholera vibrios. Dilute suspensions of vibrios, such as one might find in a fresh rectal swab specimen from a cholera patient, when mixed with a 0.25% suspension of chicken erythrocytes in saline, c...

Improving water and sanitation is the preferred choice for cholera control in the long-term. Nevertheless, vaccination is an available tool that has been shown to be a cost-effective option for cholera prevention in endemic countries or during outbreaks. In 2011 the first low-cost oral cholera vaccine for international use was given prequalification by the World Health Organization (WHO). To in...