This article explores the boundaries of neighborhoods as subjectively constructed by 37 adolescents and 33 parents across four census-defined block groups in a Western city. We examine the degree of consensus among participants on the spatial boundaries of their neighborhoods, the stability of participants’ subjectively constructed neighborhood definitions, and the overlap between subjectively ...

the purpose of this paper was to measure the social capital of the medical students of mashhad medical sciences university in the place they lived (their neighborhood), and the factors affecting it. the statistical universe was the university with a total of 5383 students. the sample was 244. the sampling was done using the systematic classification method, the classes being the faculty and sex...

BACKGROUND Little research has focused on the spatial distribution of social capital, despite social capital's rising popularity in health research and policy. This study examines the neighborhood differences in social capital and the determinants that explain these differences. METHODS Five components of neighborhood social capital are identified by means of factor and reliability analyses u...

Many optimization problems of practical interest are computationally intractable. Therefore, a practical approach for solving such problems is to employ heuristic (approximation) algorithms that can find nearly optimal solutions within a reasonable amount of computation time. An improvement algorithm generally starts with a feasible solution and iteratively tries to obtain a better solution. Ne...

The aim of this study was to examine the separate and combined relationships of neighborhood social norms and neighborhood social cohesion with smoking behavior in a cohort of adult Mexican smokers. Neighborhood anti-smoking norms were measured as the proportion of residents in each neighborhood who believed that society disapproves of smoking. Perceived social cohesion was measured using a 5-i...

The present study investigates the effects of neighborhood size and neighborhood frequency in reading Chinese two-character words. The neighborhood size of a word is defined as the summation of neighbors sharing the first constituent (neighborhood size 1) and the second constituent (neighborhood size 2) characters. The first experiment found two opposite neighborhood size effects in lexical dec...

The causal feedback implied by urban neighborhood conditions that shape human health experiences, that in turn shape neighborhood conditions through a complex causal web, raises a challenge for traditional epidemiological causal analyses. This article introduces the loop analysis method, and builds off of a core loop model linking neighborhood property vacancy rate, resident depressive symptoms...

In this paper, the effectiveness of the neighborhood crossover of EMO algorithms is discussed through the numerical experiments. The neighborhood crossover chooses two parents which are close to each other in the objective space. All the individuals are sorted in order of proximity in the objective space, and then neighborhood shuffle is conducted, which randomly replaces individuals in the pop...

Numerous studies have estimated the degree to which children’s neighborhood environment influences their subsequent socioeconomic status. Most of these studies identify the child’s neighborhood at a single point in time. This could lead to underestimation of neighborhood effects if point-in-time neighborhood measures are poor proxies for a child’s longer-run neighborhood environment. In this pa...