Wood liquefaction was conducted using phenol as a reagent solvent with a weak acid catalyst in two different reactors: (Alma et al., 1995a.) an atmospheric glass reactor and (Alma et al., 1995b.) a sealed Parr reactor. Residues were characterized by wet chemical analyses, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The FT-IR spectra of the liquefied wood residu...

This project deals with the problem at the core of chemical processes, that of creating a structure for the reaction-separation-recycle system. New methods have been developed for the synthesis of such structures capable of screening a wide range of options and taking account of all of the trade-offs simultaneously. For the first time these methods are capable of fully taking into account the i...

Gasification is a thermo-chemical process to convert carbon-based compounds such as biomass and coal into a gaseous fuel. Among the various types of gasification methods, fluidized bed gasification is one which is considered as more efficient method than others as biomass is fluidized in a mixture of air/oxygen and steam. In the present study, a comprehensive steady state process model has been...

Homoepitaxial bulk 4H SiC-off-axis commercial wafers were investigated after in situ hydrogen etching on a hot wall chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD).We have performed test etching on several process conditions in order to study the surface defects reduction or transformation. A detailed map of bulk defects has been obtained by optical microscopy inspection to mark interesting position of inves...

This paper presents three non-linear observers for three examples of engineering interest: a nonholonomic car, a chemical reactor, and an inertial navigation system. For each example, the design is based on physical symmetries. This motivates the theoretical development of invariant observers, i.e, symmetry-preserving observers. We consider an observer to consist of a copy of the system equatio...

We describe an experimental methodology for the study of chemical self-organization in micropatterned reaction systems. Our approach is based on office-printer-assisted soft lithography and allows the fabrication of centimeter-scale devices with reactor units as small as 50 μm. The devices are made from the elastomeric material poly(dimethylsiloxane) and are filled with a modified Belousov-Zhab...

An experimental study was carried to find out the degradability of black liquor of pulp and paper mill wastewater for biomethanogenesis in continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and followed by activated sludge process (ASP). Continuous stirred tank reactor was used in present study for anaerobic digestion of black liquor, while completely mixed activated sludge system was used for aerobic dige...

A laboratory scale aerobic oxidation ditch combined with an anoxic reactor was conducted to treat wastewater from a chemical industrial park in Tianjin, China. The wastewater exhibited a low biodegradability, and the results of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that some recalcitrant organic components are present in the wastewater. Ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) removal ef...

In this paper, we present a simulation of chemical vapor deposition with metallic bipolar plates. In chemical vapor deposition, a delicate optimization between temperature, pressure and plasma power is important to obtain homogeneous deposition. The aim is to reduce the number of real-life experiments in a given CVD plasma reactor. Based on the large physical parameter space, there are a hugh n...

In this paper the design of a nonlinear feedback controller is analyzed for concentration control of continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) which have strong nonlinearities. Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) is one of the common reactors in chemical process and all industrial process requires a solution of specific chemical strength of chemicals considered for analysis. Here Particle Swar...