The objective of the present study was to financially compare chemical and agricultural management methods of rice blast disease, as a prevalent disease in paddy fields of Langerood in Guilan Province, Iran. Thirty-three rice experts and 373 paddy farmers were selected by random sampling procedures. Data were collected by a research made questionnaire and were analyzed by SPSS. Benefit Cost Rat...

the most accurate method for calculating the aeroheating is numerical solution method. using finite volume method to solve the navier-stokes equations in time is very time consuming. so by using the finite difference algorithm, transfer equations to curvature coordinate by the mapping function, and combination of the viscous shock layer and similarity of boundary layer, the ctca code was develo...

in order to reduce herbicide utilization, a 3-year field experiment was carried out with integration of mechanical and chemical weed control methods; in mechanical method, three types of blades (curred- bed knife, square- turn knife and sweep) were used. chemical control was done with chloridazon (wp 80%) and desmedipham (ec 15.7%) in two spraying sheme: once band sparying with 2 l h-1 & twice ...

high purity fluorapatite (fa) with rod-like and spherical-like morphology was synthesized via sol-gel method. chemical characterization of fa powders was done by xrd and ftir analyses. crystallite samples were calculated using scherer method. morphology of fa powders was investigated with tem and sem images. the results revealed that increasing the time of hydrolysis of phosphate sols significa...

This paper presents a new method to calculate solid-state effects on NMR chemical shifts. Using full crystal potentials, this new method (CPPCh) eliminates the need to arbitrarily select the point charges that are included in the calculations of the NMR chemical shieldings to take into account intermolecular effects. By eliminating the arbitrary selection of the point charges, the method provid...

One of the possible threats in increasing use of nanomaterials is the emergence of toxicity in humans and other animals which is discussed in nanotoxicology. In addition to toxic effects of nanomaterials themselves, different chemical precursors which are usually used in bottom-up approaches for production of nanomaterials may have secondary toxic effects in living organisms. In contrast, less ...

As an equivalent formulation of the Markov-assumption of stochastic processes, the master equation of chemical reactions is an accurate description of general systems in chemistry. ForD reacting species this is a differential-difference equation in D dimensions, exactly soluble for very simple systems only. We present and analyze a novel solution strategy based upon a Galerkin spectral method w...