This article lists fourteen open problems in artificial life, each of which is a grand challenge requiring a major advance on a fundamental issue for its solution. Each problem is briefly explained, and, where deemed helpful, some promising paths to its solution are indicated.

In the paper aspect of comparability alternatives in decision making problem by imprecise or incomplete information isexamined. In particular, new definitions of transitivity based on the measure of the intensity preference between pairsof alternatives in epistemic and ontic case is presented and its application to solve decision making problem is proposed.

Research on managers' emotional intelligence and citizenship behavior in today's workplace outlined the importance of the manager and employees' challenges, contribution and how to solve it. The aim of this paper is to determine the managers’ proficiency using ability model (emotional intelligence) that benefits for manager to be responsive towards employees while expressing the information for...

In value tree analysis, additive value functions are used to model alternatives' overall values. Diculties in complete evaluation of alternatives' attribute-specic values (scores) and attributes' relative importance have spurred research on the modeling of incomplete preference information. This thesis shows how incomplete ordinal information, captured as ordinal information where a set of rank...

Among the factors making recognition of severe depression problematic for clinicians are the heterogeneous nature of the condition, lack of standardized definitions, and concomitant comorbidities that confound differential diagnosis of symptoms. The spectrum of severity in depressive disorders is extraordinarily broad, and severity assessment is comprised of several metrics including symptom in...

As the cost of information technology (IT) hardware falls, and reliability increases, mainly as a result of Moore’s Law, software is becoming the most critical cost element in IT. Battles regarding software are spilling in all directions, whether into the realm of personal privacy, development of new forms of multimedia content, electronic payment etc. Software is an extremely powerful tool wit...

Antibiotics are one of the most important medical discoveries of the 20th century and will remain an essential tool for treating animal and human diseases in the 21st century. However, antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens and concerns over their extensive use in food animals has garnered global interest in limiting antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Yet, limiting the availability ...